■38 
THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN 
of It which carries the teeth, is set beside the opposite 
half of a mandible from Spy. In the adjacent figure 
halves of an English and of a Tasmanian mandible 
are contrasted. The Spy mandible represents the 
Neanderthal type ; the Tasmanian illustrates a primitive 
modern type. It is unfortunate for our comparison that 
the molars of the Spy mandible are the smallest known 
in a Neanderthal specimen. Their total length, measured 
along the arch of the teeth, is 32-2 mm. ; the three 
Heidelberg molars measure 36 mm. Amongst the 
Krapina molar teeth there are many of a larger size than 
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MODERN ENGLISH. TASMANIAN. SPY. HEIDELBERG 
Fig. 82. — The right half of the body and teeth of the Heidelberg mandible 
viewed from above, and contrasted with halves of the mandibles of Spy 
man, of a Tasmanian, and of a modern European. 
those of the Heidelberg mandible. In the Tasmanian 
mandible the molars are particularly large for a modern 
dentition, totalling 36*4 mm., rather more than the 
Heidelberg molars. The front teeth — incisors, canines, 
premolars — of the Heidelberg mandible are of the same 
shape as those in the Spy mandible, only slightly 
larger. The Tasmanian teeth are quite different — more 
primitive. 
The teeth of Neanderthal man are arranged in an arch 
of characteristic form, the arch being flattened in front 
and the two sides of the arch widely separated (fig. 167). 
Those characters are easily recognised in the Heidel- 
berg mandible. In the primitive modern jaw the dental 
