250 THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN 
any doubt we have traced men of the modern type — men 
belonging to races as highly evolved in body and brain as 
any race now living — to the beginning of the Aurignacian 
period. The men of Combe Capelle and of the Grimaldi 
caves were as highly evolved as any modern people, 
and yet they may have seen — probably did see — the 
Neanderthal men, with their simian brow-ridges. In the 
Mousterian period modern man appears to have existed 
no longer in Europe. At least not a trace of him occurs 
in any deposits of that period ; only the remains of that 
man of an altogether different build of body — Neanderthal 
man. Then beyond the Mousterian period what do we 
find ? In deposits of Acheulean and Chellean date not 
a trace of Neanderthal man ; only remains of men of our 
own type — long-headed and big-brained. To me the 
discoveries at Galley Hill, at Clichy, at Olmo are 
certainties — giving a sure foothold from which one may 
safely step further back into the past. To others — 
equally competent to judge — they are either impossible 
or " not proven." They are " impossible " if we suppose 
that the world has always been populated by a single 
type or species of man, and that at every geological 
period this single type of mankind was slowly progress- 
ing towards his present state. Is such a belief well 
founded ? Before we reach the middle of the Pleistocene 
period we find humanity has been evolved for so long a 
period that already there has been time for the differentia- 
tion of at least two distinct species of men of a totally 
different type — modern and Neanderthal. Are we quite 
certain the modern type may not be as old — in point of 
evolution — as the Neanderthal ? That I think we must 
admit, and with that admission we must also grant the 
possibility of the discoveries at Galley Hill, at Clichy, and 
at Olmo as true. 
Our difficulties increase as we go back. The discovery 
at Heidelberg is an unquestionable fact. It revealed a 
primitive form of Neanderthal man living in Europe 
early in the Pleistocene period. Have we any evidence 
of modern man at that date ? There is the discovery at 
