ANCIENT MAN IN AFRICA AND JAVA 261 
only one explanation — they represent parts of the same 
individual. 
How difficult it is to fix the exact position of Pithec- 
anthropus in the common family tree of man and ape 
becomes manifest when we consider the structural 
characters of the thigh bone, the teeth, and the skull. 
The thigh bone is less ape-like in its general form, and in 
its individual features, than the thigh bone of Neanderthal 
man. The human thigh is moulded to suit the needs 
of a body balanced perfectly on the lower extremities. If 
a thigh bone has a human form, we infer that the animal 
to which the thigh bone belonged had a human gait and 
a human posture" of body. We infer that the feet, the 
legs, the pelvis, the backbone, trunk, and neck of such 
an animal were all shaped and adapted as in modern 
races of mankind. The Trinil femur signifies a being 
adapted to the upright posture. The erect posture was 
already evolved in Pithecanthropus. Those who have 
studied the complex structural changes needed to adapt 
the human body to its peculiar posture cannot conceive 
that such changes have been evolved twice — once in the 
human ancestry, and at another time in the forerunners 
of Pithecanthropus. The natural inference is that the 
human family of ancient Java and all human races are 
the common descendants of a stock in which the human 
posture and method of progression were already evolved. 
In stature, shape, and weight of body. Pithecanthropus 
was human. Dr Dubois estimates from the length of 
the femur (455 mm.) that the stature should have been 
about 5 feet 8 inches (ryoo m.), and the weight about 
1 1 stones (70 kilos). 
From the three teeth discovered by Dr Dubois, one 
infers that the dentition was, in the main, human m type. 
No trace is to be seen in the molars of an expansion of 
the pulp cavity or of a shortening of the roots — characters 
of the Heidelberg dentition. The roots of the molar 
teeth of the Java individual are widely separated as in 
apes, and as in the more primitive races of modern man. 
The crowns of the teeth are large, and their humanity 
