ANCIENT MAN IN AFRICA AND JAVA 263 
wall, 23 mm., the occipital, 7 mm. The bony walls make 
up over 16 per cent, of the total length, whereas in 
modern men they usually form about 7 to 9 per cent, 
of the total length. In the gorilla the bony walls 
may form 20 per cent, of the total length of the skull. 
The width of the Trinil skull may be estimated at 
135 mm., but only 7 mm. of that amount represents 
the side walls of the skull, which are thin. The width 
is 72*5 per cent, of the length. Pithecanthropus thus 
falls into the long-headed group of humanity. 
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pithecanthropus 
(profile.) 
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Fig. 90. — Profile and vertex of the cranium of Pithecanthropus, from a 
cast of the original. 
How low Pithecanthropus must be placed in the human 
scale — how very simian he was — becomes manifest in 
the low pitch of his cranial vault. We have hitherto 
measured the height of the vault from the ear-holes, 
but there are two reasons why that base line must be 
abandoned in this case : (i) because the temporal bone 
and ear-passage are missing ; (2) because in anthropoid 
skulls — to which that of Pithecanthropus has certain un- 
mistakable resemblances — the ear-holes bear a different 
relationship to the cranial cavity to that obtaining 
in human skulls. We must therefore fall back upon 
another zero or base line — one which can be applied 
