ANCIENT MAN IN AFRICA AND JAVA 267 
the upper border of the occipital bone in Pithecanthropus. 
The point named, the "lambda," is situated at the 
upper border of the occipital bone (fig. 91). In the 
skulls of adult anthropoids these lines ascend above 
the lambda. The mastoid processes are broken away, 
but we may safely presume that they were shaped as in 
young gorillas — mere bosses, not projecting, pyramidal 
processes as in modern man. Thus in the region of 
the orbits, and in the manner in which the skull was 
fixed to the neck. Pithecanthropus had much more in 
common with Neanderthal man and with anthropoid apes 
than with men of the modern type. 
If we knew only the calvaria, if Dr Dubois had not 
discovered the human-like thigh bone, then we should 
have regarded Pithecanthropus as a big form of anthro- 
poid. The brain cast, however, would probably have 
made us hesitate in coming to such a conclusion, for 
in the cast Dr Dubois was able to recognise many human 
characters. The brief preliminary^ description which he 
published in 1898 — the final description and figures 
have yet to appear — depicts a very primitive form of 
human brain. He estimated the brain capacity to be 
about 850 c.c. In size of brain Pithecanthropus takes 
a place between the great apes and the various races of 
man. In orangs, chimpanzees, and gorillas the brain 
capacity varies from 290 c.c. to 610 c.c, the mean for 
male gorillas being 518 c.c. In human races the brain 
capacity varies from 1300 c.c. to 1500 c.c, but the 
capacity may be as low as 930 c.c or as high as 2000 c.c. 
Clearly, in size of brain. Pithecanthropus is a transitional 
form between man and ape. If the specimen found 
represents an average individual, then we may suppose, 
as Dr Dubois has postulated, that in this humanoid race 
the brain capacity ranged between 710 c.c. and 1060 c.c. 
" The most peculiar feature of the brain cast," writes 
Dr Dubois, " is the narrowness of the frontal part of the 
1 " Remarks upon the Brain Cast of Pithecanthropus erectus^' Fourth 
International Congress of Zoology, Cambridge, 1898, ]). 78. Journ. 
Anat. and Physiol., 1899, vol. xxxiii. p. 273. 
