268 THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN 
cerebrum, whereby it difFers from every normal human 
brain, as from all ape brains. In the frontal region the 
convolutions are perfectly distinct. The most conspicuous 
feature is the second frontal fissure, as clearly developed 
as in any human hemisphere. . . . The important inferior 
frontal convolution has attained a fair development. I 
found the average area of the exposed superficies equal to 
half the average area in twelve European hemispheres, 
but at least double that in the brain of a large chimpanzee 
or an orang-utan. This seems to indicate that our fossil 
being possessed already a certain amount of power of 
speech. The pars triangularis is present in this convolu- 
tion, as results from the presence of two anterior branches 
of the Sylvian fissure. But the pars orbitalis has only 
a very rudimental development." 
It is clear, then, that the region of the brain which 
subserves the essentially human gift of speech was not 
ape-like in Pithecanthropus. The parts for speech are 
there ; they are small, but clearly foreshadow the arrange- 
ment of convolution seen in modern man. In another 
equally important region of the brain — in that part of the 
parietal lobe which lies between the primary centres for 
sight, liearing, and common sensation — there is a simple, 
rather pithecoid condition. In this intermediate region 
the higher association areas are developed in the brain 
of modern man — areas in which memories are formed 
in connection with things heard, seen, or touched. In 
this area the brain of Pithecanthropus had not reached a 
" human " level. 
Taking it all in all, Dr Dubois' discovery in Java 
throws more light on our early, human ancestry than any 
other yet made. We were not prepared to find an 
ancestral type in which the human posture was fully 
developed, and yet in which the brain remained in so 
primitive a condition as in Pithecanthropus. We had 
pictured man rising to his present estate by a gradual 
and simultaneous change in all his parts. In Pithecan- 
thropus we find a being human in stature, human in 
gait, human in all his parts, save his brain. The full 
