ANCIENT MAN IN NORTH AMERICA 275 
of Dr Abbott's statements.^ Under the surface layer of 
black soil lay a stratum of yellow sand and loam, regarded 
by American geologists as a post-glacial deposit. Above 
this post-glacial stratum were found traces of Indian occu- 
pation — hearths, Indian stone implements, and Indian 
burials. In the underlying beds of gravel, which, as 
already mentioned, are glacial or Pleistocene deposits, 
traces of man were also found in the form of rudely 
shaped implements of stone. 
Remains of the men who actually shaped those im- 
plements were first discovered in December 1899 by 
Mr Volk. A " railroad cut " had laid open a section of 
the gravel in the suburbs of Trenton. On the exposed 
face, within a stratum of sand and clay y^ feet below the 
surface, Mr Volk found part of the shaft of a human 
thigh bone. He recorded his discovery by photographing 
the fragment in place before removing it from the bank. 
Parts of the bone of a human skull were also found. 
In the opinion of Mr Volk and Dr Hrdlicka both 
specimens — the fragment of thigh bone and fragment of 
skull — show certain incised markings apparently made by 
ancient man. 
Through the kindness of Dr Peabody, the writer 
obtained accurate casts of these two specimens found in 
the Trenton gravels for the museum of the Royal College 
of Surgeons, England. Only about one-third of the upper 
part of the shaft of the left thigh bone is represented, 
and about an equal proportion of the left parietal bone of 
the skull (fig. 93). In the extensive collection of skulls 
and skeletons in the museum of the Royal College of 
Surgeons — representing all races — the writer could find 
exact duplicates of those two fragments in only one 
skeleton, that of an Indian from an ancient cemetery 
in the State of Illinois. On the inner aspect of the 
cranial fragment the impressions of the convolutions 
1 "The Archaeology of the Delaware Valley," by Ernest Volk, Papers 
of the Peabody Museian of American Natural History and Ethnology^ 
Harvard University, 191 1, vol. v. See also note by Dr C. Peabody, Proc. 
Internat. Congress of Americanists, London, 1912, p. 3. 
