ANCIENT MAN IN NORTH AMERICA 283 
Hrdlicka made a minute examination of these skeletal 
remains, and found that they possessed all the features 
which characterise the American Indian. The foreheads 
of some of the men's skulls were particularly low and 
receding, with strongly marked supra-orbital ridges — 
features which still occur in certain Indian tribes of the 
Central States. 
I agree with Dr Hrdlicka that at Long's Hill we have 
to deal with an ancient Indian cemetery. The question 
is : How ancient is that cemetery ? In Europe we 
find the custom of burial practised as early as mid- 
Pleistocene times. The evidence we have obtained at 
Trenton, at Natchez, at Lansing justifies us in regarding 
North America as already inhabited by races of Indians 
during deposition of the loess. Is it not probable, then, 
that the earliest burials at Long's Hill date back to that 
interglacial phase which saw the deposition of the loess ? 
It is clear from the researches published recently by 
the late Professor N. H. WinchelP that the Middle 
States of America were inhabited at an earlier date than is 
indicated by the discoveries just described. The loess men 
are supposed to belong to the last interglacial period — the 
milder interval between the last two phases of glaciation, 
the " Illinoisan " and " Wisconsin " phases. Beneath the 
deposits of the Kansan glaciation, which preceded the 
Illinoisan, Professor Winchell has found stone imple- 
ments of a rude Palaeolithic type, fashioned by the men who 
lived before the great Kansan glaciation. The remains 
of the men of that period have not yet been discovered. 
From the Middle States we now pass westwards to the 
Pacific slopes in search of the ancient men of America. 
The story of the Calaveras skull, although grown stale 
from frequent repetition, cannot be passed over.'^ It is 
the " bogey " which haunts the student of early man — 
repelling some, fascinating others, and taxing the powers 
^ N. H. Winchell, "The PaUeoliths of Kansas,'" Minnesota Historical 
Society, I9'3, vol. xvi. part i. 
- For the literature referring to the history and nature of the 
Calaveras skull, see reference on p. 285. 
