328 
THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN 
whole area of the palate, all that lies inside the outer 
margins of the teeth, is directly concerned in mastication, 
and the total area of the palate may therefore be accepted 
as the degree to which the apparatus of mastication has 
been developed. We suppose that a large palate means 
a crude and not a richly nutritious diet. Now, in this 
female chimpanzee the area of the palate is 36*5 cm,^ ; 
the brain measured 320 c.c. ; there was i cm.^ of 
palate to 8*7 c.c. of brain ; that represents a common 
palato-cerebral ratio amongst man's nearest allies — the 
anthropoid apes. In modern Englishmen — my estimate 
is founded on an accurate investigation of twenty-two 
medical students — the average palatal area is 26-6 cm.^ ; 
Fig. 1 10. — A comparison of the palatal areas in a female chimpanzee (A), in the 
Piltdown specimen as reconstructed in the original model (B), and in a 
modern Englishman (C). 
the cerebral development, 1500 c.c. ; the palato-cerebral 
ratio was therefore i : 56*3, in place of i : 8*7 as in 
anthropoids. We therefore turn with some interest to 
see what ratio may hold in this newly discovered form of 
man. Dr Smith Woodward has reconstructed the palate. 
Accurate indications as to its shape were available as soon 
as he had obtained the form of the lower jaw and teeth, 
for the upper and lower jaws must fit and the teeth 
correspond in all higher animals, according to certain 
definite laws. Now the area of the palate thus recon- 
structed (see fig. 1 10, B) is 44-2 cm.- — larger than in 
the female chimpanzee ; it is the size of palate seen 
in the adult male chimpanzee. In the male adult 
orang and gorilla the palatal area may reach 70 cm." Dr 
