370 
THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN 
skulls take their place. Both Professor Elliot Smith and 
Dr Smith Woodward locate the lambda at the posterior 
extremity of the parietal fragment (fig. 133). 
From an examination of the vault we can learn a great 
deal concerning the peculiar cranial characters of the 
Piltdown race. The condition of certain parts may be 
described as ultra-modern — a condition which we scarcely 
expected to meet with in a very ancient form of man. 
We can best realise the significance of such features by 
Lambda 
Pi LTDOWN (B) 
PIUTDOWN (A) 
Fig. 133. — Drawing of the upper aspect of the Piltdown skull as reconstructed 
by Dr Smith Woodward (A), and a reconstruction based on the identification 
of the middle line by Professor Elliot Smith (B). 
examining their degree of development in the cranial 
vault of an anthropoid ape — such as a female chimpanzee, 
the least brutal of the anthropoids in appearance (fig. 134). 
The forehead of the chim.panzee, just above the orbits, is 
crossed by a strong bar of bone — the supra-orbital ridge 
or torus. The projecting outer ends of the bar form the 
bony projections known in human anatomy as the external 
angular or malar processes, the ends of which can be felt 
distinctly at the outer margin of our own foreheads. 
Two great bars of bone — the zygomatic arches — pass from 
the cheeks to the base of the skull in front of the ears. 
