AN EXPERIMENT IN RECONSTRUCTION 37 
TORUS 
£xrANG 
P/fOC£SS 
All these outlying parts of the skull form a bony- 
scaffolding from which the muscles acting on the jaws 
gain an extensive origin. The brain case of the ape is 
small and does not provide space enough for the origin 
of the great muscles of mastication. Hence the outlying 
bony framework. 
Before leaving the chimpanzee's skull, two other points 
should be noted : 
(i) that the face ^. --_-:^> 
is so projecting, so 150 
thrown forwards or 
prognathous, that 
it is very appar- 
ent in front of 
the supra-orbital 
ridge ; (2) but- 
tresses or bony 
flanges are thrown 
out around the 
hinder part of the 
skull to increase 
the area for attach- 
ment of the 
muscles of the 
neck. In the chim- 
panzee, then, we 
see a primitive 
condition, one in 
36 36 
Wnicri trie brain is piQ_ j^^^ — Skull of a young female chimpanzee viewed 
small it varies in from above. The skull was set on the plane described 
f on p. 378. 
Size from 300 to 
400 CO., a fourth of the human size — and in which 
bony scaffolding and processes are thrown out to meet 
the needs of a brutal musculature. The various features 
just enumerated in the chimpanzee's skull are also 
represented in that strange, mid-Pleistocene species of 
humanity — Neanderthal man (fig. 135, A). The great 
supra-orbital bar is apparent — no development of this 
kind has ever been seen in a modern human skull — ending 
