374 THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN 
We have always expected to find long-headedness as a 
character of ancient man ; it is so among most of the 
skulls of Pleistocene age, but not invariably so. In the 
reconstruction of the Piltdown skull shown in fig. 132 
the length is represented as 194 mm., slightly more than 
in Dr Smith Woodward's reconstruction. There is this 
difference, however : I have reduced the allowance for 
the forehead and increased the length of the occipital 
region (figs. 132 and 133). The maximum width is also 
the same — 150 mm. The width is thus 78 per cent, of 
the length. In relative and absolute measurements of 
length and width my reconstruction differs very little 
from that of Dr Smith Woodward. Thus, as exemplified 
in the specimen discovered, the Piltdown race tended 
towards round-headedness. In anthropoid apes the actual 
cranial cavity is of the round or short form. The real 
significance of round and long heads we do not know ; 
brachycephaly is found in anthropoid apes and in the 
most highly evolved of modern human races. 
Before leaving the upper aspect of the Piltdown skull, 
there is one other feature which deserves mention. In 
figs. 134 and 135 the temporal lines are indicated ; they 
are arranged approximately symmetrically on each side 
of the skull. Now, the temporal ridges have an important 
bearing on the problem we have in hand. They will be 
observed to commence at the external angular processes 
of the frontal bone, and to sweep backwards on each side 
of the skull, crossing the coronal suture and ultimately 
terminating behind, above the ear. The lines limit, on 
each side of the skull, that area from which the temporal 
muscles take their origin — the chief muscles which act 
on the lower jaw. With a large jaw we expect to find a 
large and extended temporal muscle. If the muscles are 
large, then we should expect these lines to reach well up- 
wards on the side of the skull, towards the middle line. 
Nature is economical in her use of material ; the bones 
of the skull have to enclose and form a brain chamber ; 
they have also to serve as a surface from which the 
muscles of mastication take their origin. If the brain 
