394 THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN 
comparing the profiles of a complete set of ancient 
types, I have included the most primitive form of 
fossil skull to which the term human can be applied — 
that of Pithecanthropus. The geological evidence leads 
us to believe that Pithecanthropus — the erect, ape-like 
man of Java — was a contemporary of the English Eoan- 
thropus. When the Java skull is posed and placed within 
our standard frame (fig. 144), we see at once that we are 
dealing with a type which carries the human form of skull 
a long way towards a simian stage. The vault falls 25 
mm. short of the loo-mm. line. The highest point of 
the vault, in place of being a couple of inches behind the 
bregma as in the other three types of skulls shown in 
fig. 144, is at or near the bregma as in apes (fig. 136). 
The glabella is 1 5 mm. short of the anterior 200-mm. 
vertical line ; the sphenoid is wide as in men, but the 
upper margin of the temporal bone is low and straight as 
in apes. Dr Eugene Dubois calculated that' the brain 
capacity of Pithecanthropus was 855 c.c, but in the 
opinion of the writer, when due allowance is made for the 
missing basal parts of the skull, the capacity may prove 
to be somewhat greater — probably a little over 900 c.c. 
From a comparison with Pithecanthropus we see that 
Eoanthropus is a totally different kind of human being — 
one in which the brain development, at least so far as 
regards size, has reached a modern standard. 
In this chapter I have kept the discrepancies between 
the profile of the Piltdown skull as reconstructed by Dr 
Smith Woodward and myself in the background. The 
differences become very apparent when Dr Smith Wood- 
ward's reconstruction is placed within the standard frame 
employed here (fig. 143). The vault, in place of rising 
to the loo-mm. line, falls 11 mm. short of that level. 
The lowness of the vault in his reconstruction has been 
already explained. It is due, as we have seen, to the 
left parietal bone being tilted inwards beyond the middle 
line, thus depressing the vault of the skull. In his 
reconstruction the length of the skull is 190 mm. ; in 
mine, 194 mm. We shall see, when we come to deal 
