400 THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN 
endeavours to ascertain how much of the human brain is 
made up of this purely animal constituent. An appeal to 
the conditions found amongst anthropoid apes gives us 
some assistance in solving the problem. In size of body 
man differs very little from the great anthropoid apes ; 
indeed the male gorilla and orang often attain a weight 
of 70 or 80 kg. (154 to 176 lbs.), or even more. With 
a brain volume of 450 c.c. an anthropoid has a sufficient 
nerve organisation to undertake the more animal form of 
its activities. When the brain reaches a volume of 1300 
or 1400 c.c, as in man, we need not trouble greatly 
about the amount which is due to mere size of body ; it 
cannot be more than 6 per cent, or 8 per cent, of the 
whole. Besides, we have reason to infer that the Pilt- 
down individual was not a Hercules. We have the 
impress of the neck preserved on the skull. The 
muscles of the neck were not particularly strong, nor was 
the neck massive as in the gorilla or as in Neanderthal 
man. The bones of the skull are thick and massive ; it 
is possible that the bones of the skeleton were also thick 
and strong, but the indications preserved on the skull 
point to rather a moderate development of the muscular 
system. We have no reason, then, to regard the brain 
volume of Eoanthropus as dependent on a massive 
development of the body. 
We now turn from a consideration of the gross volume 
of the Piltdown brain to survey its particular features — 
the size and arrangement of the lobes and convolutions. 
A survey of the original brain cast prepared under the 
direction of Dr Smith Woodward led Professor Elliot 
Smith to express the following opinion : " Taking all its 
features into consideration, we must regard this as being 
the most primitive and the most simian human brain so 
far recorded." Such an opinion cannot be lightly brushed 
aside ; it must command our respect and also our most 
careful consideration. Unfortunately, our knowledge of 
the brain, greatly as it has increased of late years, has not 
yet reached the point at which we can say, after close 
examination of all the features of a brain, that its owner 
