THE BRAIN OF FOSSIL MAN 407 
in fig. 146) becomes included above the new develop- 
ment of the third frontal convolution, and in the human 
brain forms an intrinsic part — the anterior ramus or 
branch of the Sylvian fissure. It is in this manner that 
Professor Elliot Smith explains the changes which have 
occurred in the evolution of the third frontal convolution 
of the human brain. ^ The change is especially remark- 
able when we remember that this new orbital part of the 
frontal lobe is related to the faculty of speech. 
When we turn to an examination of the Piltdown brain 
cast we naturally centre our attention on the third 
frontal convolution. We at once see (fig. 147) that as 
regards size and general conformation it reached the 
human standard. In Dr Smith Woodward's reconstruc- 
tion (fig. 148) this convolution appears even larger than 
in mine, because the upper part of the frontal lobe has 
been tilted beyond the middle line, thus exposing more 
of the lower or orbital surface of the convolutions. A 
comparison of either of these drawings with fig. 149, 
which represents a brain cast from the skull of an 
Australian native, with a capacity of 1450 c.c, shows 
that the ancient man of Sussex is little, if any, the inferior 
of the modern Australian. In all three brains one can 
see a depression indicating the anterior ramus (A.R. 
in figs. 147, 148, 149). In the ape's brain, it will 
be remembered, this branch of the Sylvian fissure is 
not included within the third frontal convolution, but 
forms its lower boundary. In the Gibraltar brain cast 
(fig. 1 50) the third frontal convolution is smaller, and the 
anterior ramus, although it was probably present in the 
actual brain, is not apparent on the cast. So far as 
concerns the third frontal convolution of the Piltdown 
brain, there is nothing to suggest that it represents a 
' In this matter and in others, the reader, if he wishes fuller information 
on the brain of fossil man, should consult the following papers by 
Professor Anthony : " Le systeme operculaire superieur du Complex 
Sylvien;' Bull, et Mem. Soc. (V Anthropologic de Paris., Oct. 191 2, p. 294 
(with Dr de Santa Maria) ; " L'Encephale de I'hommefossiie de la Quina," 
ibid.., March 1913, p. 117. Professor Elliot Smith's account of the brain 
of anthropoids will be found in the Catalogue of i/ie Museum of tJie Royal 
College of Surgeons of England., Physiological Series, vol. ii., 1902. 
