428 THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN 
to me to really differ from modern brains lie in the 
frontal region. The absence of the median vascular 
elevation — a simian condition — in front of the bregma has 
been described. There is another feature which I have 
not mentioned so far. If the figures of the gorilla brain 
casts are examined (figs. 146, 157), it will be seen that the 
two central convolutions — in which centres for movement 
and ordinary sensation are situated — are distinctly raised 
above the surrounding areas of the brain. In Neanderthal 
and modern human brains these central areas appear to be 
slightly submerged, owing to the areas immediately in 
front of the motor and immediately behind the sensory 
areas — true association and therefore higher and later 
areas — having undergone a special development accom- 
panied by elevation. In the Piltdown brain cast I cannot 
detect any distinct elevation of the frontal cortex, which 
lies anterior to the motor cortex. That also must be 
counted a primitive feature. 
To some it may seem that I have entered into the 
reconstruction of the Piltdown skull and brain too 
elaborately. When it is remembered, however, that 
this is the first time we have had an opportunity of 
learning the degree to which the evolution of the brain 
had progressed in early man at the beginning of the 
Pleistocene period, it will be apparent that the task 
deserves our most painstaking endeavour. We have 
here — in the discovery at Piltdown — the certain assur- 
ance that one race of mankind had reached, so far as 
the mass of brain is concerned, a modern human standard 
at the beginning of the Pleistocene period. All the 
essential features of the brain of modern man are to be 
seen in the Piltdown brain cast. There are some which 
must be regarded as primitive. There can be no doubt 
that it is built on exactly the same lines as our modern 
brains. A few minor alterations would make it in all 
respects a modern brain. 
Although our knowledge of the human brain is limited 
— there are large areas to which we can assign no definite 
function — we may rest assured that a brain which was 
