438 
THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN 
skull which is distinctly more anthropoid than the one 
actually found. When we proceed to the next step — that 
of actually fitting this jaw to the skull — our difficulties 
become even greater. The very part of the jaw — 
the condyle — which we most need to give us the 
form of contact with the skull is broken away (fig. 162). 
Fortunately, that part of the base of the skull which bears 
the joint for the missing condyle is preserved on the 
temporal bone. From the size and contour of the surface 
of this joint we can reckon what the size and shape of 
the missing condyle must have been. I cannot detect 
10 20 30 10 50 10 20 30 40 50 10 2.0 30 40 50 lO 20 30 40 SO 
N.CALEDONIAN. CHIMPANZEE. PILTDOWN. HEIDELBERG. 
Fig. 162. — The ascending branch of a series of lower jaws, viewed from behind. 
any feature in the joint on the Piltdown temporal bone 
which is not also represented on the temporal bones 
of primitive modern races of mankind — such as the 
Patagonians, native Australians, and Melanesians. It is 
true that the Piltdown articular surface differs from that 
to be seen in present-day Europeans, but the difference is 
the result of a change which has set in since the Neolithic 
period. We infer, then, that the condyle of the jaw 
which played within the joint of the Piltdown skull was 
similar in shape and size to that of modern man. A 
series of mandibles — all placed so that the chewing 
surface of the molar teeth fall in a horizontal plane — is 
shown in fig. 162. They are viewed from behind, so 
