THE PILTDOWN MANDIBLE 439 
that the posterior edge or margin of the ascending ramus 
and of the articular condyle may be seen and compared. 
Side by side are placed the ascending ramus of a native 
of New Caledonia and of a female chimpanzee. The 
posterior border of the human ramus widens gradually as 
it passes into the condyle ; the condyle itself presents a 
wide, convex surface, very little of the articular surface 
actually showing on the posterior aspect. In the chim- 
panzee the posterior margin of the ramus remains narrow 
until it expands suddenly in the condyle. The condyle 
shows posteriorly a considerable area of the articular 
surface. In the same series of drawings the Piltdown 
and Heidelberg lower jaws are also represented (fig. 162). 
The latter shows certain leanings towards the anthropoid 
form in its straightness, but on the whole its characters 
are human. In the Piltdown specimen the features are 
rather anthropoid. Professor Underwood has drawn 
attention to the manner in which the ramus of the Pilt- 
down jaw is compressed from side to side at the root or 
neck of the condyle — exactly the form one is familiar 
with in the mandible of chimpanzees. It is therefore an 
articular condyle, copied from the jaw of the chimpanzee, 
which one would fit on the Piltdown specimen if attention 
is confined to the mandible only. The shape and position 
of such a condyle is indicated by a stippled outline in 
fig. 162. A condyle so shaped will not fit the joint on 
the Piltdown skull — the two are incongruous. Only a 
condyle shaped as in human races of the modern type can 
be applied. Such a condyle is represented in fig. 162, 
with an exact tracing of the articular surface on the base 
of the Piltdown skull with which such a condyle moved 
in life. The exact transverse width of the condyle and 
joint are such as are found in modern primitive races 
of men — 21 mm. In the drawing (fig. 162) it seems 
perfectly simple to add such a human condyle to the 
Piltdown jaw ; the difficulties which are encountered 
when such a condyle is actually modelled in clay are 
much greater. Such difficulties, however, are not of so 
serious a nature as to make us actually reject the possi- 
