470 THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN 
except at excessive length, to state the marks of identifica- 
tion in scientific terms. Regarding the essential humanity 
of the two molar teeth fixed in the Piltdown mandible there 
has never been any diversity of opinion. There was the 
same instant recognition of the human characters in the 
teeth of the Heidelberg mandible. The mandibular bony 
frame of that specimen is massive and bestial, but the 
appearance of the teeth sealed its humanity. However 
we may waver over the Piltdown mandible, the clear, direct 
evidence of the molar teeth comes ever to our aid. 
Their dimensions alone are not particularly remarkable 
when compared with the largest dentitions of primitive 
human races. The front-to-back diameter — the "proximo- 
distal " as it is technically called — of the crown of the first 
molar is 12 mm.; ^ of the second 12*5 mm. (| inch). 
The third molar is missing, but from the indications given 
us by the pits for the roots we may safely infer that it 
was as large as the second. The total length of the 
molar series was thus about 37 mm. In primitive 
modern races the total molar length does occasionally 
reach 40 mm., but the average falls short of the Piltdown 
measurements. The molar teeth with which we may 
most profitably compare those of Eoanthropus are those 
in the Heidelberg mandible. In that specimen the first 
molar is 11 '6 mm. in length of crown, almost the same 
as in Eoanthropus ; the second 127 mm., also the same ; 
the third, 12-2 mm., corresponds to the estimate made for 
the third Piltdown molar. 
When, however, we place the teeth of modern 
Englishmen in comparison we see a marked difference. 
Some time ago I made a series of measurements on 
twenty-two English students of medicine. In them the 
first lower molar had a mean length of io-2 mm., the 
second lO'i mm., the third 9-1 mm., the total molar 
length being 29-4 mm. — 7-6 mm. less than in Eoanthropus. 
Every one who has made extensive examinations on the 
1 These measurements are taken from the casts. Dr Smith Woodward 
gives the length of the first molar as 11-5 mm., the second as 12 mm., 
his measurements being made on the original teeth. 
