476 THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN 
Another very remarkable feature of the molar teeth of 
early human races is also shown in fig. 175. In anthropoid 
molars we have seen that the pulp cavities, even in young 
adults, are comparatively small. That is also true of the 
pulp cavities of the molar teeth of modern human races. 
In the Neanderthal race there was, as we have already 
seen, a remarkable development of the pulp cavities, 
particularly well shown in the specimen found by 
Professor G. Kramberger at Krapina, in Croatia (fig. 
175, C). The pulp cavities in many of the Krapina 
molars almost extend to the tips of the roots. This 
condition is present to a greater or less degree in the 
teeth of all members of the Neanderthal race. It is a 
character of that race. It is equally apparent that it is 
not a primitive feature, for it is the opposite to what 
obtains in anthropoids and primates generally. Here, 
then, is a very remarkable fact which throws a sidelight 
on the antiquity of man : by the middle of the Pleisto- 
cene period there was a race of men which showed a 
very aberrant and highly specialised mode of tooth 
development. 
The enlargement of the pulp cavities is seen to have 
a remarkable effect on the manner in which the teeth 
are implanted in the jaws. It is very clear from fig. 
175, C, that the pulp cavity enlarges at the expense of 
the roots ; the roots of the teeth become very short, 
the body long and deeply implanted in the mandible. 
In the molar teeth of modern man the pulp cavities 
lie above the level of the upper or alveolar margin of 
the jaw ; this is also the case in anthropoids. We may 
regard it as the primitive condition. It is true that 
there is a tendency in the third molar for a downward 
extension of the pulp cavity to take place. We have, 
then, two extremes in molar formation : the condition 
in which the pulp cavity lies above the alveolar border, 
as in the molar teeth of carnivorous animals, which we 
may call the " cynodont " form. There is the other 
extreme seen in Neanderthal man, where the pulp cavity 
extends deeply within the substance of the jaw, recalling 
