APPENDIX A 
In the text I have accepted the culture of the Oban caves as 
being Azilian in character and corresponding in time to the end 
of the Pleistocene period. In Professor James Geilcie's opinion 
this view of the antiquity of the culture of the Oban caves is 
untenable. In this matter Professor Geilcie's opinion must be 
accepted as final. He has recognised four phases in Scotland 
during the Neolithic age, the phases having occurred after the 
Ice age had ended. During the Neolithic age the climate of 
Scotland changed four times. In the first phase — the "lower 
forestian " — the land occupied a high level as regards the sea ; the 
climate suited the growth of trees. In the second phase — the 
"lower turbarian" — the land occupied a lower level and the 
climate favoured the formation of peat-deposits. In the third 
phase — the " upper forestian" — forests again flourished in Scot- 
land. In the fourth and final NeoHthic phase — the "upper 
turbarian" — conditions favourable to the formation of peat again 
returned. In Professor Geilcie's opinion the culture of the Oban 
caves must be referred to the final phase of the Neohthic age. 
If we accept that opinion we must adopt the not improbable 
supposition that cultures of a long past time may have survived in 
sequestered parts of Europe. 
APPENDIX B 
After the preliminary proofs of this work had been revised, 
Professor Symington of Belfast shov/ed to the members of the 
Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland a series of very 
instructive casts of the human brain. Anatomists have always 
presumed that a cast of the interior of a human skull gives a true 
picture of the brain which occupied the cranial cavity during life, 
and that a study of the "cranial" cast gave definite information 
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