PALLUPERINA. By Dr. M. Draudt. 
167 
P. testacea Hbn. (Vol. 3, p. 185, pi. 43 c). Illustration and description are correct. — gueneei Dbld. gueneei. 
( = var. A of testacea, according to Guenee). This denomination has created some confusion; these gueneei 
are actually a pale english form of testacea. This has been confirmed by Turner. The species that has hitherto 
been held to be gueneei, is now classified as incerta Tutt under nickerlii. The genuine gueneei is as pale asobsoleta 
Tutt, but more boldly marked. It does not only occur in England, but is also found on the Continent —- scotiae scotiae. 
Strd. is a much darker brown form from Scotland. 
P. amaliae Wgnr. (20 f) is a rather doubtful species. It is closest to testacea, but is larger and more amaliae. 
stoutly built, wings are wider and with dense, remarkably soft and mealy scales. It is much darker, reminding 
one of C. solieri in colouration. Transverse lines are rather differently shaped, they converge much closer together 
below the cell, so that the central area is much condensed. The inner edge of the subterminal line is very dark 
at costa, so that the paler patch at apex contrasts more distinctly. Veins, especially in subcostal region, are 
dusted with bluish white. Fringes appear more scalloped on both pairs of wings. If this is not a genuine species, 
it is a good local race of testacea from Spain. The type is from Albarracin. Types have been sent me through 
the courtesy af A. Fernandez, who has also found specimens at La Vid (Burgos). 
P„ nickerlii Frr. (Vol. 3, p. 185, pi. 43 d). This interesting and frequently overlooked species has now nickerlii. 
been found during the last few years almost simultaneously in many places in central and south Germany, 
so that now an almost continuous chain of localities is known from Prague through Saxony, Thuringia, Wiirt- 
temberg, over France to Spain, throughout which nickerlii is distributed. It generally occurs in hilly country¬ 
sides where porphyry %nd coloured sandstone are found and where Festuca ovina and Aira caespit.osa flourish; 
certain kinds of Lolium are also acceptable as foodplant. The yellowish white ova change a little later to pale 
brown and are laid in long chain-like rows between the covering leaves of the stalks of grass. The young larva 
is yellowish brown with darker head, the full-fed larva is not described. When young it bores down into the 
root and when grown feeds on the grass leaves just on the surface. The imagines occur end of August to mid 
September. — - unimaculata Silbernagel has no orbicular stigma. — pseudotestacea Silbernagel are pale grey- 
brown specimens of the dark form from Prague, that thus closely resembles testacea. The illustration in Main 
Volume is unrecognisable, we are now illustrating a typical specimen from Prague (20 f). Specimens from Halle 
are also very dark, those from the Werra valley (Eschwege) are paler, more yellowish and variegated (20 f). 
— tardenota Joan. (20 g) is the form from around Paris that is inclined to earthy grey, thus approaching the 
Spanish specimens. They are clearly marked, but very variable. — radians Joan, veins of subterminal area 
prominently dusted with whitish. — iligronotata Joan, both transverse lines conjoined on submedian by a 
black longitudinal bar. — - graslirti Obth. still paler yellowish grey specimens from Spain and N. Africa. — pieretti 
Obth. (20 g) are very similar, but much smaller and more poorly marked specimens from the E. Pyrenees. — 
incerta Tutt (= gueneei auct. nec Dbld.) (Vol. 3, p. 185 as gueneei) (20 g) is the nice english form that approaches 
certain tardenota in appearance but is larger on an average and has longer more elongate wing contour. —- baxteri 
South is paler and purer grey, the colour is not in the least ochreous yellowish. — murrayi Turn, corresponds 
in colouration and markings to the typical incerta, but differs by a contrasting paler marginal area in which 
the dark marginal lunules stand out more prominently. —- fusca Turn, is a very dark grey melanic form without 
any yellowish shades, only in discal area is there a reddish brown sheen in certain light. — minor Turn, is a 
considerably smaller form (wing expanse: 29 mm) from Lytham. — iota Turn, has a black submedian longi¬ 
tudinal bar between the transverse lines and which corresponds so the nigronotata form of tardenota or the 
x-notata of testacea. 
uni¬ 
maculata. 
1 pseudo¬ 
testacea. 
tardenota. 
radians. 
nigro¬ 
notata. 
graslini. 
'pieretti. 
incerta. 
baxteri. 
murrayi. 
fusca. 
minor. 
iota. 
P. powelli Culot (= pseudoderthisa Rothsch.) (20 g) is distinct from the preceding and a genuine species, powelli. 
It has narrower wing contour, forewings are a pronounced cinnamon-brownish with faint roseate hue. Markings 
are more delicate. Forewings have a narrower cell with correspondingly smaller stigmata and a much more 
definitely angulated reniform stigma, which is protracted outwards at lower edge. Algeria. 
P. irritaria A. B.-H. (20 g) is certainly a genuine species. It is very like testacea, but smaller on an average, irritaria. 
wings wider and with less oblique margin. They are sandy yellowish to dusty grey, markings generally more 
diffuse, central area occasionally somewhat darker. The arrangement of the lines and stigmata scarcely vary 
from those of testacea, but the markings appear less variegated and more simply marked. It occurs in Algeria 
among typical testacea. — dannehli Drt. (20 g) is a larger more robust race from Italy. Colour of forewings varies dannehli. 
from yellowish grey, which always has a brownish tone, to grey-black or deep brown-black. Markings are usually 
definite and clear. Stigmata larger and rounder, the central area wider than usually in testacea, fringes more 
clearly checked. Hindwings yellowish white with dark central spot. — x-notata Drt. is an analogous form to x-notata. 
that of the other allied species with dark conjoining bar between the transverse lines. — nigrescens Drt. (20 h) nigrescens. 
is the deep black form. Sicily. — - sohn-retheli Drt. (20 li) is the smaller mountain race from the southern Abruzzi sotm- 
(Pescocostanzo). Markings are sharper and more variegated. It varies much less than dannehli. reiheli. 
