9 
R. NORRIS WOLFENDEN. 
results of any one expedition cannot properly be appreciated without reference to the 
others. 
The ‘Belgica’ collections were made S. and S.E. of Peter 1. Island, between 69° 48' 
and 71° 18' S., and 81° 19' and 92° 22' W., between April 21st and December 6th, 1898, 
by means of nets lowered through holes in the pack-ice to a depth of 0-500 
metres. 
The ‘ Discovery ’ collections were made by lowering and raising a vertically 
actuated net through holes cut in the ice, while the ship was in Winter Quarters.* 
The ‘ Gauss ’ collections were made from the South of Kerguelen to the winter 
station in Gauss Bay, Kaiser Wilhelm II. Land, and were of very extensive character, 
and as the collections were further made throughout the Atlantic traverse of the ship, 
they afford an opportunity for the comparison of the purely Antarctic fauna with that 
of the Southern Ocean. 
In considering the question of the distribution of the Copepoda of the southern¬ 
most area of the Atlantic (the Antarctic region) it is convenient to consider the results 
of these expeditions together, since any conclusions drawn from the results of the 
‘ Discovery ’ alone would be incomplete and even misleading. The ‘ Belgica ’ collections 
have been reported upon by Dr. Giesbrecht (“ Resultats du Voyage clu S.Y. ‘Belgica’ 
en 1897-1898-1899”; Rapports Scientifiques, 1902), and the ‘ Gauss ’ collections are still 
under examination, and I only now refer to the results of my examination of that 
collection in so far as they assist the elucidation of the ‘ Discovery ’ results. 
From the results of the three expeditions (‘North American,’ ‘Challenger’ and 
‘ Vettor Pisani ’) which, previously to the ‘ Belgica,’ had collected in the Southern 
Ocean as far south as the pack-ice, Giesbrecht accepts seventeen species as 
correct, after rejecting a number of species as “ungeniigend beschriebenen und nicht 
zuverlassig genug bestimmten ”),f viz,, Aetidius armatus (50° S.), Calculus frnmarchichus 
(52°), Calanuspatagoniensis (47°), C. propinquus (64° 37'), simillimus (52°), Centropages 
brachiatus (52°), Clausocalanus arcuicornis (53°), Clytemnestra scutellata (46°), 
Drepanopus forcipatus (53°), I>. pectincitus (49° 16'), Metridia boechii (45°), 
* Mr. Hodgson has supplied me with the following.— Ed. 
“ Tow-netting in Winter Quarters. 
“ After the surface of the sea was frozen over there was no means of dragging a tow-net through the 
water, and as the current seemed sufficiently strong to hold the net out, it was attached to a line about a fathom 
above a heavy sinker, 28 lbs., and lowered to a depth of ten fathoms, except in special instances or during the 
summer. This dej>tk was decided on, it having been found that the formation of ice crystals on the nets could be 
avoided. These crystals formed on the lines down to 5-8 fathoms, according to the season. The nets remained 
down for twenty-four hours, sometimes longer if the holes could not be visited on account of the weather, or 
opened on account of some difficulty with the ice. The mouth of the net was always in an approximately vertical 
position, this was secured by the attachment of the line direct to the ring of the net and the sinker to the other 
side of the ring.” 
| The rejected species are, Acartia denticornis (52°), Candacia cicrta (50°) and truncata (64° 37'), Eucalanus 
attenuatus (47° 25'), Euchceta marina (47° 25'), Haloptilus aculeatus (46° 46'), Heterorrhabdus sjpinifrons (50°) 
Lucicutia ftavicornis (47° 25'), Pleuroviamma abdominale (65° 42'), Copilia stylifera (66° 29').—Giesbrecht, 
* Belgica ’ report, p. 5. 
