4 
R. NORRIS WOLFENDEN. 
While the number of species captured was in each case comparatively small, the 
number of individuals in any one haul in the case of the 4 Discovery ’ was very great. 
The rule which appears to hold good for tow-netting in the north part of the North 
Atlantic, viz., that the further north we go the smaller the number of species, but the 
immensely increased preponderance of individuals of certain species, certainly holds 
good as regards the South Polar regions. Immense numbers of the small copepod 
Ctenocalanns vanus appear in some of the hauls, to the almost entire exclusion of 
any other species, and in other cases the larger copepod Euchoeta antarctim appears 
in great preponderance. Calanus acutus and, to a lesser extent, Calanus propinquus 
also preponderate largely. Similarly, Metridia gerlachei appears in most of the 
captures. 
The collections of the 4 Gauss ’ provide information which is not given by those of 
the 4 Discovery ’ or of the 4 Belgica,’ namely, that several species which appear 
in the Southern Polar Sea also occur in the deeper water of the Atlantic Ocean 
to the northwards of the Antarctic area. But as this properly belongs to the report 
of the 4 Gauss ’ collections which I have in hand, I forbear its discussion in 
this place. 
Two questions are suggested by Dr. Giesbrecht in his 4 Belgica’ report, viz ., (l) 
Does the Antarctic area possess a peculiar fauna ? (2) Is the small agreement of the 
Antarctic copepod fauna with that of the nearest seas due to defective research, or is it 
that the area of the pack-ice has its own peculiar fauna ? and the further questions as 
to whether the admixture of Polar and Antarctic fauna occurs in the deep ocean, or 
whether there are physical and biogenetic conditions in the Polar regions which differ 
from those in the warm seas and prevent such exchange of species, receive some 
elucidation from the collections of the 4 Gauss.’ 
With regard to the first question, viz., Does the Antarctic area possess its own 
peculiar fauna ? it must be remarked that from the results of the three collections 
named the typical copepod fauna (pelagic) of this region consists in the following :— 
Calanus acutus 
,, simillimus 
,, propinquus 
Rlvincalanus grandis 
Euchoeta antarctica 
„ austrina 
,, similis 
Ctenocalanus vanus 
Heterorrhabdus austrinus 
Euchirella magna 
Spinocalanus antarcticus 
Metridia gerlachei 
Oncea curvata, similis, frigicla, notopus, 
conifera 
Scolecithrix glacialis 
Oitliona similis 
„ frigida 
Gaetanus antarcticus 
Haloptilus ocellatus 
Paralabidocera hodgsoni 
Stephus longipes 
,, antarcticum 
Ectinosoma antarcticum 
Microcalanus pusillus 
