TRANSACTIONS. 
83 
The deposit was described as resting on inclined and con¬ 
torted strata of millstone grit, and shale, and an overlying red 
sandstone, (banks of the Ribble and Darwent,) and upon the 
edges of the productive coal measures near Chorley. 
This communication was followed by a discussion, in which 
Mr. Greenough, Mr. Murchison, and Mr. Phillips took part, 
on the application of these observations to resolve the question 
of the change of level on the coast of Lancashire, and on that 
of Yorkshire, where gravel deposits containing marine shells of 
existing species have been described by Mr. Phillips as diluvium. 
Dr. Daubeny gave a Lecture on the connexion of Hot 
Springs with Volcanos. 
Hot springs, he observed, are met with for the most part 
in one of these situations. 1st. In the vicinity of volcanos. 
Of this kind of position, the active volcanos of Iceland, Italy, 
and Sicily, and the extinct ones of France, Hungary, and the 
Rhenish provinces, afford numerous examples. In these cases, 
it cannot be doubted that the heat of the springs is derived from 
the volcanos contiguous to them. 
2nd. At the foot of chains of mountains which have been 
uplifted. Now as the elevation of such chains may with some 
probability be referred to a volcanic cause, it seems most 
natural to attribute the occurrence of their hot springs to 
the same ; and this is confirmed by observing that they are 
found for the most part either near the line at which the ele¬ 
vation seems to have commenced, or else near the axis of the 
chain, in places where the valleys penetrate to the greatest 
depth. Of both these positions, the Pyrenees afford abundant 
examples. 
3rd. Hot springs occur in some cases at a distance from 
any great chain of mountains, but then there is in these cases 
often strong evidence of some fracture or dislocation of the 
strata, such as may reasonably be attributed to a volcanic 
cause. Instances of this are supplied by the hot springs of 
Clifton in this country, Carlsbad in Bohemia, and Pfeffers in 
Switzerland. 
It appears, then, that the great majority of hot springs are 
attributable to volcanic action, and this is confirmed by con¬ 
sidering the gaseous products which they evolve, for these are 
the same as those given off by volcanos. 
The first of these is sulphuretted hydrogen, vrhich is common 
also to volcanos, especially when in a state of languid action. 
Another kind of gas given off by many hot springs, is 
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