REPORT ON GEOLOGY. 
391 
geologist because exhibiting the prolongations of our cretaceous 
formations on the north-east, as France does on the south¬ 
west,) we find that Hoffman has observed the chalk in contact 
with new red sandstone in the Isle of Heligoland. Forchammcr 
and Bigel, the Danish geologists, have traced the chalk and ter¬ 
tiary deposits of Jutland and Zealand : the same thing has been 
done in the adjoining districts of Mecklenbourg by Bruchner and 
Blucher, and in Pomerania by Oeynhausen. 
Hisinger has explored the transition islands of Bornholm, 
Oeland, and Gothland* * * § , and Eichwald has traced the continu¬ 
ation of this series through Courland, Livonia, and the shores 
of the Gulf of Finland, as far as St. Petersburg f. The same 
transition district, chiefly characterized by its limestone, extends 
to Volhynia and Podolia on the south. 
On the north of the Baltic, Sweden, distinguished by its 
early zeal in the prosecution of the kindred sciences, and which 
in the geological maps of Baron Hermelin presented one of the 
first examples of the kind, has still continued her activity: the 
chalk, including green-sand, extending through Scania, has 
been described and its fossils represented by Nilsson. Hisin¬ 
ger has also published Memoirs on the transition groups of 
Sweden, as has Esmark on those of Norway. 
Russia, whose vast possessions contain so many sources of 
mineral wealth, has recently devoted much attention to their 
development. An Imperial Geological Society was established 
in 1817; a regular journal of the mines (Gornoi Journal) has 
been published since 1828, and is full of interesting Memoirs, 
but rather calculated to illustrate detached districts, than as 
yet to supply the materials for a connected and complete sur¬ 
vey J: we may cite Erman’s journey from Moscow across the 
Ural to Lena, Olivieri on the coal formation of the Donetz, and 
Eursman’s Steppes south of the Volga §; the structure of the 
Ural chain has been elucidated by Kupfer, Anosof, and Engel- 
hardt. We shall hereafter have occasion to refer to the measures 
undertaken for exploring the Asiatic dominions of Russia. 
* The Isle of Gothland is not exclusively transition; a small deposit of 
oolite with its characteristic fossils is found in the isthmus connecting the south¬ 
ern peninsula with the rest of the island. 
f The Russian Government has caused the publication of a geological map 
of Lithuania, Courland, Esthonia, and Livonia, executed by MM. Ulprecht, 
d’Engelhardt, Ulmann, and Linchnicky. 
t We have already cited the map and Memoirs on the Baltic provinces of 
Lithuania. 
§ From these Memoirs it appears that chalk forms a platform on the north 
of the Government of Toula extending to the Waldai Hills, that it appears near 
the course of the Donetz and towards the Sea of Azof, and again at Ouralsk on 
