REVIEW OF PHILOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL RESEARCHES. 541 
and the shores of the Baltic before the arrival of Odin and his 
Teutonic followers from the East. It is said, indeed, that some 
of the noble families among the Northmen, or Normans, were 
descended from these aborigines of Scandinavia. Even Rollo, 
the conqueror of Normandy and the ancestor of the royal dy¬ 
nasty of England, claimed his descent from a Jotune family who 
had dwelt from time immemorial near Drontheim in Norway. 
The history of the Finns has been traced among all the writers 
of the middle ages. It has long been known that all the Fin¬ 
nish and Hungarian tribes are allied by the resemblance of 
their dialects ; but a few years ago this subject was profoundly 
investigated by a learned native of Hungary, Gyarmathi, who 
availed himself of his intimate acquaintance with one of those 
dialects—his own mother tongue,—and applied himself to the 
investigation of the cognate languages. The result has been 
to establish a connexion in speech, and therefore in race and 
origin, between the Laplanders, the Finns, the Hungarians, the 
Ostiaks in Asia, and many tribes scattered on both sides of 
the great Ouralian chain which separates the North of Europe 
from that of Asia. Many of these nations are distinguished for 
flat faces and red hair, in which characters they are contrasted 
with the Tartars. Their language unequivocally separates them 
from that people. 
“But still less can the Tartar or Turkish nation itself be iden¬ 
tified with the other members of the supposed Caucasian race. 
It has never been pretended that any affinity subsists between 
the language of the Tartars and the Indo-European nations. 
The dialects of the Tartar tribes are not much varied: all the 
clans belonging to this great nation, though spread far and 
wide, and reaching from Constantinople to the Irtisch and 
Lena, speak one language. 
“ Everything that we can collect as to the ancient history of 
the Tartar nation, seems to run counter to such an hypothesis. 
The only ground, indeed, on which it is pretended to associate 
the Tartar with the European, or, as they are termed, Caucasian 
nations, is the fact that the skulls of the Turks have a form which 
belongs to the European type. But even this is by no means 
universal. Many of the Tartar nations approach nearly to the 
Mongoles and Kalmucsin their features and in the shape of their 
heads ; and this is particularly the case with those branches of 
the Turkish stock who have long been settled in the North of 
Asia, in climates inhabited of old by people to whom the Mon¬ 
golian characters were from early periods appropriate. These 
deviations from the more general traits of the Turkish race, and 
approximations to those of the Mongoles, are attributed by wri¬ 
ters who maintain the permanent transmission of physical cha- 
