of Edinburgh, Session 1869-70. 
129 
have a considerable fall; from Bangweolo to Moero there must 
be a second descent. The Cazembe’s country, which extends 
round to the south of Tanganyika, is described as flat, and 
its rivers are currentless and stagnant. If Moero were at a 
higher level than Tanganyika, would not the river which leaves 
it take a course over the level country instead of facing towards, 
and making its way through a crack in the mountains northward? 
Seeing that the river does force its way through these mountains, 
the presumption is, that Moero is at a lower level than Tanganyika; 
and if this be the case, the river which descends from it through 
the mountains can never again ascend to the level of the Nile lakes 
to join them, but must find some other course. 
With regard to the third advocated source, the Kassabi river, of 
which Dr Beke affirms it to be his belief that it is the head stream 
and upper course of the Nile of Egypt, the difficulties of its joining 
the Nile appear to be even greater than the last. The upper course 
of this river only has been explored. It springs in the Mossamba 
Mountains, which are on the inner borders of Angola and Benguela, 
its sources being close to those of the Quango river, a tributary of 
the Congo. The Kassabi is known to flow northward as far as 8° 
S. to westward of the capital of the Muata Yanvo. 
Dr Livingstone crossed its head on his journey from the Zambezi 
to Loanda; and the reports which he collected from the subjects 
of the Muata Yanvo’s kingdom, all tend to prove, that whatever 
direction its middle course may take, in its lower course the Kassabi 
flows round to westward, and is joined by the Quango. The trader, 
G-raca, who penetrated to the Muata Yanvo capital in 1846, says, 
that “ the territory of this chief is shut in by the great rivers 
Kassabi and Lurua (a tributary of the Kassabi).” u These rivers,” 
he continues, “ flow into the river of Sena” (the Zambezi). The 
latter part of this statement we now know to be incorrect; but, 
taken as a whole, it indicates an easterly bend in the lower course 
of the river to enclose the kingdom of the Yanvo on the west and 
north, and to flow as if to the Zambezi. The Hungarian traveller, 
Ladislaus Magyar, has penetrated furthest of the three who have 
visited this region, and his information seems to agree well with this 
last. He reports that the Kassabi, after forming the waterfall of 
Muewe (in about 11° S. latitude), bends gently to northward; but 
