Vo 1. 13, No. 12 
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unmanaged control plots, for the 8 years, density of successful nests was 0.2 
per acre, whereas on unmowed, unmanaged control plots, the success rate was 0.6 
nest per acre. The density of successful nests on seeded plots ranged from 0.5 
to 1.1 during the 8 years. The density on mowed, unmanaged control plots varied 
between 0.0 and 0.4 successful nest per acre; unmowed, unmanaged control plots 
had from 0.4 to 1.1 successful nests per acre. 
3. Ecology and Management of Sguirrels C. M. Nixon 
There is a lack of information concerning the extent of breeding by each age- 
class of female gray squirrels. Most populations are diestrous, with breeding 
peaks in January-February and July-August each year. During each of these breeding 
periods, the female segment of the squirrel population consists of adult females, 
yearlings (10-12 months old), and subadults (<5 months old). Past studies have 
often assumed that virtually all the adult (<Cl 8 months) females breed during each 
breeding period and that subadults usually experience their first estrus when 
10-12 months old. Information collected between 1968 and 1970 casts doubt on 
the validity of these assumptions. Placental scar counts from 144 adult females 
showed that 96 ( 66.7 percent) bred during the winter-spring breeding period 
but only 94 (65 percent) bred during the summer-fall breeding period. Only 
22 ( 62.8 percent) of 35 known yearlings bred when between 10 and 13 months old. 
Only one of these 35 females was known to have bred before she was 10 months 
old. This squirrel, born in July 1969 , was actively lactating when recaptured 
in April 1970. Thus, during each breeding period, two-thirds of the adult 
females, 60 percent of the yearling females, and less than 5 percent of the 
subadult females may be expected to breed and rear young. 
4. Responses of Bobwhites to Habitat Manipulation J. A. Ellis, 
D. R. Vance 
Some insight into the mobility of cock quail during the summer was obtained 
from birds recaptured in cock-and-hen traps on the Bogota Area in 1 963 and on the 
Alma Area in 1964 and 1905* These movements were considered extreme because the 
traps were distributed over extensive areas, and a trap was never closer than 
0.25 mile to its nearest neighbor. 
Only a small proportion of the total captures were recaptured at locations 
other than the original trap sites. At Bogota, 19 percent of the total number 
of individuals captured were recaptured at other trap sites; at Alma, 12 percent 
of the individuals captured in 1964 and 1965 were retaken at other than the 
original trap sites. 
There was no apparent overall pattern regarding distances moved. Movements 
ranged from 0.25 to 2.03 miles at Bogota: there were 13 records of movements 
within the 0 . 25 - to 0 . 5 -mile range (nine individuals), 2 records of movements 
within the 0 . 5 - to 1 -mile range (two individuals), and 7 records of distances 
moved that were >» 1 mile (four individuals). 
At Alma, movements ranged from 0.25 to 1.48 miles. Only six movements were 
recorded at Alma in 1964: two individuals moved 0.25 to 0.5 mile, and four 
