16 
OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 
stone, and about 350 feet below the bottom of the Pocono is the Berea 
sand, which extends over a large portion of eastern Ohio and is rep¬ 
resented by the Thirty-foot shells above the Hundred-foot sand in 
western Pennsylvania. Commencing not far from the line between 
Pennsylvania and West Virginia, the Hundred-foot sand appears 
below the Berea sand. Farther east in Pennsylvania the Thirty-foot 
the Gordon, the Fourth, and the Fifth sands appear. These sands 
are all represented on the sketch in approximately their correct verti¬ 
cal positions. It has been shown by the logs of wells that the Salt and 
Big Injun sands are pretty thoroughly saturated with water through¬ 
out most of the area investigated. The upper limit of saturation of 
the Berea sand, shown at the point D on the diagram, is about 250 feet 
below sea level. 
In Pennsylvania the Hundred-foot sand is found to be dry through 
most of the Burgettstown quadrangle. After reaching the vicinity 
of the McDonald oil pool it is completely saturated with water. The 
Gordon sand in the Washington pool is saturated up to a definitely 
marked level around the sides of the syncline, with the productive 
area directly above. The Fourth and Fifth sands in this syncline 
have less water, and in them the oil is found much nearer the center 
of the basin. 
By applying to the section (PL I) the conclusions regarding the 
movement and accumulation of oil and gas under various conditions, 
the probable points of accumulation can be shown. . Any oil entering 
the Berea sand between G and I will accumulate at the point above 
H in close proximity to the gas. This part of the Berea sand is com¬ 
pletely saturated with salt water, and the oil will be forced to the 
highest point. 
-Oil entering the Berea sand between the points F and G will be 
moved along from G to F. Here the sand is level, and the difference 
in specific gravity of the fluids only has a tendency to keep the oil 
in the upper portion of the sand and exerts no force to move it lat¬ 
erally. Between E and I) the tendency of the oil is to move up to 
the top of the water at D. Beyond this point there is no tendency 
of the oil to rise. It would therefore accumulate at this point, the 
gas occupying the space higher up. 
Oil entering between A and C would accumulate in the small svn- 
cline at B. If during some previous time, but while the rocks were 
in the same position as they are to-day, the water level of the Berea 
sand was higher than it is at the present time, all the oil which entered 
the stratum from B to E would have been forced up into the anticline 
at C. If since that time the water level has been gradually sinking, 
the oil would follow it down to the syncline at B and to the top of 
the water line at D. 
