458 GEOLOGY AND GOLD DEPOSITS OF THE CRIPPLE CREEK DISTRICT. 
exceedingly irregular, diversified with minor salients and reentrants. The breccia 
near the contact is sometimes, as on the 1,400-foot level, so full of granite fragments, 
some of them of large size, that it is difficult to determine in a small exposure 
whether the rock seen is breccia or massive granite. 
Both granite and breccia are cut by phonolite in the form of dikes, sills, and 
irregular masses. In general the Independence lode, as known in the granite, 
follows a phonolite (strictly latite-phonolite) dike, but the dike, as pointed out by 
Penrose,® is much more irregular in its course than the lode and the two are not 
Fig. 61.—General north-south section through Stratton’s Independence mine, showing stopes in Independence vein. 
always together. The extensive developments in the breccia since Penrose’s visit 
show that in that rock the relation between dike and lode is less close than in the 
granite. The dike becomes more irregular as it enters the breccia, branches, and 
frequently sends off intrusions along the contact between the breccia and the 
granite. While several of the lodes in the breccia follow phonolite dikes for varying 
distances, it can not be said that any single lode and dike are continuously associated 
throughout their known horizontal and vertical extent. For example, the West 
Independence lode on level 2, is generally associated with a phonolite dike. On 
a Sixteenth Ann. Rept. TJ. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 2, 1895, p. 201, pi. 14. 
