THE LADIES’ MAGAZINE OF GARDENING. 
269 
fruit-trees; they will never give satisfaction to their cultivator unless their 
fibrous roots are induced to keep near the surface, so as to be within 
reach of the atmospheric air. Thus the rose in mixed borders seldom 
flowers so well as in rose-gardens or roseries, because in the mixed borders 
the earth is so frequently disturbed by taking up and replanting 
perennials, sowing the seeds of annuals, &c., as to prevent the roots of the 
rose-trees from keeping near to the surface, which they always do in rose- 
gardens where the soil is seldom touched. Vegetable physiologists 
account for this by stating that the roots imbibe a degree of carbon from 
the atmospheric air, which renders the sap thick and rich, and fit for the 
production of fruit and flowers; while those trees which are compelled to 
send their roots down to the sub-soil in search of food, have a thin and 
watery sap, fit only for the production of shoots and leaves. 
All the kinds of roses grown in gardens are either bushes, standards, or 
climbers. The bush-roses are either raised from seed, and grown, as 
gardeners term it, on their own bottom, or grafted just above the root on 
the common dog-rose, which is found wild in the hedges; the standards 
are roses grafted on tall, straight briars of the dog-rose ; and the climbers 
are such roses as have naturally stems too weak to grow without support. 
It is obvious that all the bush-roses may be turned into standards by 
merely grafting them on briars standard high ; but it has been observed 
that the moss-roses seldom do well as standards if grafted on briars more 
than two or three feet high. Many bush-roses may also be turned into 
climbers by training, and tying them to supports. 
Hoses may also be divided into the hardy kinds, which flower from 
June till August; and the half-hardy kinds, which may be made to flower 
nearly all the year. 
The commonest of the hardy roses is the cabbage or Provence (Rosa 
centifolia). There are about a hundred and fifty varieties of this rose, 
all of which are distinguished by the numerous petals of their large cup¬ 
shaped flowers, which are generally somewhat drooping. The best 
flowers of this division are the Dutch, Grande Agathe, and Wellington. 
All these roses when grafted may be grown on a strong loam; but when 
grown on their own bottom, the soil should be lighter—that is, have some 
sand in it; and they should all be pruned in October if wanted to flower 
early, or in April or May in ordinary cases, the shoots being shortened so 
as to leave only three or four buds on each. 
The moss-rose (Rosa muscosa) is only a variety of Rosa centifolia , and 
instances have been known of the same plant (without grafting) producing 
moss-roses on one branch, and the common cabbage-rose on another. There 
are fifty or sixty moss-roses, but the best are the common, the Clifton 
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