204 transactions—PERTHSHIRE SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCE. 
Circaea lutetiana, L. 
*Sanicula europasa, L. 
*Conopodium denudatum, Koch. 
Hedera Helix, L. 
Adoxa Moschatellina, L. 
*Lonicera Periclymenum, L. 
*Asperula odorata, L. 
^Valeriana officinalis, L. 
^Primula acaulis, L. 
P. veris, L. 
Nepeta Glechoma, Benth. 
*Stachys S5dvatica, I^. 
^Mercurialis perennis, L. 
*Allium ursinum, L. 
Scilla festalis, Salisb. 
*Paris quadrifolia, L. 
Luzula vernalis, D.C. 
*L. maxima, D.C. 
Milium effusum, L. 
*Dactylis glomerata, L. 
Poa nemoralis, L. 
Bromus giganteus, L. 
*Brachypodium gracile, Beauv. 
*Anthyrium Filix-foemina, Roth. 
*Lastraea Filix-mas, Presl. 
This list of beech associates has been compiled from all the lists 
I have been able to procure of the beech woods and dens of our 
district. It agrees very closely with corresponding lists given by 
Warming for Scandinavia, etc., and by Hock for Germany. 
The importance of the social species on the life-history of its 
subordinate associates is well brought out in the case of the beech. 
Let the beech be planted in a region where the climate and the soil 
are suitable, whether it be in Scotland, in the plains of Europe, or 
high on the mountains of South Europe, the mode of growth of the 
trees will produce approximately the same conditions of soil, moisture, 
and shade. In all these woods we shall find the shade plants, the 
plants with underground reserves, the liana forms, and early-flowering, 
light-seeking species. It does not follow that we find exactly the 
same species. In some cases a geological barrier may have kept 
back the passage of the attendant species, although allowing that of 
the dominant one ; in other cases, where the association is richer in 
numbers, the weaker members may be exterminated in the struggle. 
But on the whole it will be found that the general type is retained. 
The Oak, Qiierais Robur, L. — The oak, the pine, and the birch 
resemble each other in the amount of light which they require, and 
they occur socially intermixed in the lower portion of the Tay Basin. 
The birch, however, is usually subordinate to the others. 
But the oak by itself, especially in the form of coppice, is one of 
the most marked features in Scottish landscape. It forms a belt of 
tree vegetation all along the valley of the Tay above Dunkeld, and is 
characteristic of the slopes of our hills at low elevations. Especially 
does it thrive on old river-terraces. The present woods are regularly 
*These species have been found by Professor Flahault, of Montpellier, in beech 
woods on the Cevennes. 
