OrbicLilaris-ociili-group. Maxillo-labialis. 
30 
29 Elephant. 
whereas the anterior ones turn forwards in a how. The fascicles 
terminate in narrow pointed tendons, which are inserted into 
the connective tissue above the angle of the mouth, into the 
upper lip, and on to the base of the trunk. The posterior fascic¬ 
les are inserted slightly above the angle of the mouth about level 
with the lower margin of the proc. zygomaticus of the maxilla, 
partly level with the neighbouring ventral prseorbicularis-fascicles, 
some of which, however, interlace between the nasolabialis-fas- 
cicles. In front the fascicles gradually grow longer and run, in 
a bow, into the upper-lip, partly crossing partly projecting be¬ 
tween the fascicles of m. nasalis. 
Some of the anterior fascicles (in PI. 4 there are four such) 
are rather peculiar: Each fascicle passes into a long thin tendon, 
which runs forwards in a bow and passes into a new muscular 
fascicle which quite closely joins the portio inferior m. max¬ 
illo-labialis. In this way there is formed a succession of small 
»musculi digastrici«, stretched between the m. nasolabialis and 
the m. maxillo-labialis. To suppose that these fascicles are the 
remains of an original connection between the m. nasolabialis 
and the m. maxillo-labialis would be quite wrong. Indeed, our 
investigations have shown that these two muscles are inde¬ 
pendent, quite separate from each other. So there is nothing 
left but to regard these fascicles as a mere secondary connection 
between the said muscles. We must add however that in the Elk 
and the Zebu we have also found a connection between the m. 
nasolabialis and the m. maxillo-labialis, but developed in a way 
other than that in the Elephant. In the Ungulates we have ge¬ 
nerally found that the m. maxillo-labialis to a greater or smaller 
degree pierces the m. nasolabialis and in this place, which in 
the Elk and the Zebu is much in front of the face, some naso- 
labialis-fascicles are inserted into the tendinous slips of maxillo- 
labialis. (As to details v. the special descriptions in the Appen¬ 
dix; also compare PI. It. tig. 1 where these nasolabialis-fascicles 
are figured). 
A little above the eye there is a small muscle, arising from 
the connective tissue outside the frontal bone, and passing ob- 
liquely backwards (PI. 1 and 4). The fascicles are quite short and 
do not pass into the eyelid at all. The muscle is much more 
narrow on the right side of the head than on the left. We feel 
a doubt as to the explanation of this small muscle. Judging 
from its position we are most inclined to regard it as a very 
much reduced m. supraorbicularis; indeed, the direction of the 
fascicles does not appear to be in favour of this, but we have 
also in other places found such alterations of the course of the 
fascicles (compare e. g. the portio palpebralis sphinct. prof, in 
the Horse). 
The orbicularis-group in the Elephant is composed of the 
same components as in the Ungulates. There is a in. orbicularis, 
post- and prseorbicularis, supraorbicularis and nasolabialis. The 
orbicularis itself is peculiar in its complete want of circular fas¬ 
cicles, which seem to be constantly present in the Ungulates, though 
sometimes only in small numbers. In none of the Ungulates in¬ 
vestigated was there so powerful a m. postorbicularis as in the 
Elephant, whereas the m. prseorbicularis of the latter is some¬ 
what reduced. This applies also to the m. supraorbicularis, which 
is very much reduced in the Elephant. As to the m. nasolabialis 
it is feebly developed in the Elephant, while it is generally well 
developed in the Ungulates. It is especially notable, that it has 
not contributed towards the formation of the muscular system 
of the trunk, but has been limited to the upper lip proper. The 
origin of the muscle is in the Elephant concentrated into a small 
portion of the frontal bone, while in the Ungulates it has a more 
considerable extension. 
The account of the orbicularis-group in Miall and Greenwood 
is very deficient; it evidently suggests a less careful investigation.— 
Watson describes the orbicularis palpebrarum as consisting of 
»two sets of fibres, an internal and an external*; the internal por¬ 
tion is the proper »orbicularis« and is said to consist of circular 
fascicles (only interrupted in front); the »external portion« evi¬ 
dently corresponds to our m. prse- and postorbicularis. The m. na¬ 
solabialis (levator labii superioris Watson) is said to consist of 
an anterior and a posterior portion. This we have not found 
at all. 
3. MUSCULUS MAXILLO-LABIALIS. 
PI. 1: 2; 4; 14, fig. 2. 
This muscle in the Elephant has been developed to a very 
high degree in consequence of its share in forming the trunk. 
On the whole dorsal side and part of the lateral face of the latter 
it forms a powerful, longitudinal muscular mass, arising from the 
cranium with two distinctly separated portions, the portio supe¬ 
rior and the portio inferior. 
The portio inferior is the smaller one (PI. 2); it arises, with 
two or three short and narrow tendons, from the projecting cor¬ 
ner of the maxillary bone just laterad of the foramen infraorbi- 
tale. The tendons pass into a rather narrow muscle, which goes 
straight forwards and very soon merges into the portio superior. 
Together with the latter it passes out upon the lateral face of 
the trunk and runs to its extreme distal end, where its outmost 
fascicles are inserted into the lateral circumference of the nostril. 
The origin is quite covered by the m. nasolabialis, whereas the 
first part of the muscle is partly covered, partly traversed, by 
the bundles of the m. nasalis. This traversing is most extensive 
on the right side, an anterior, rather broad bundle here thrusting 
up through the muscle and, as it were, separating it into a la¬ 
teral and a mediad portion, which, however, in front of the m. 
nasalis very soon completely reunite (v. PI. 2). On the left side 
only single and more disconnected bundles thrust up through 
the muscle. Just in front of the m. nasalis a small portion of the 
muscle appears between m. nasalis and the pars rimana m. buc- 
cinatorii (v. PI. 1), but then, for a length of 15—20 cm along 
the trunk, it is again covered by the pars rimana. On the rest 
of the proboscis, unto the extreme distal end of this organ, the 
portio inferior lies quite superficially, covered only by the fascia, 
reaching to about the middle of the lateral face of the trunk 
(comp. PI. 2 and the transverse section PI. 14, fig. 2). 
The portio superior is strongly developed. It extends to the 
median line and here fuses with the corresponding muscle of 
the other side, so that they together form a broad, powerful 
muscle, which from the front stretches down the dorsal, and 
partly the lateral, face of the trunk to its extreme distal end (PI. 1). 
The superior portion arises from the frontal surface, rather far 
back, with a large and broad aponeurosis, which may distinctly 
be traced to the posterior part of the frontal bones, where it is 
intimately connected with the periosteum. Laterally this apo¬ 
neurosis grows shorter and the origin stretches down the frontal 
and the maxillary bone just in front of the orbit, where it extends 
downwards till about level with the origin of the lig. palpebrale, 
so that it is here separated from the portio inferior by a rather 
broad interval, which is euneate anteriorly and filled with adi¬ 
pose tissue. In the space in front of the eye the origin of the portio 
superior is covered by the nasolabialis. On the frontal surface, 
where the entire muscular body arises from the aponeurosis 
with a bowed, posteriorly convex line, the upper part thereof 
becomes fleshy on the level of the posterior angle of the eye, 
whereas the lower part thereof is fleshy almost from its origin. 
We have no doubt that the muscle described here as the 
m. maxillo-labialis of the Elephant, really corresponds to this muscle 
in other Mammals, although indeed, in many respects, it shows 
considerable deviations from the account of this muscle in the 
Mammals, given in the General Part; deviations which, however, 
may be explained by the share this muscle has in forming the 
trunk. The place of the origin in relation to the m. nasolabi¬ 
alis decidedly shows that the muscle belongs to a deeper layer 
than the orbicularis-group; and as to origin and insertion the 
portio inferior is, in the main, as the corresponding muscle in 
the Mammals investigated, in which it arises from the maxillary 
bone laterad of the foramen infraorbitale and inserts itself into 
the lateral circumference of the nostril. Finally, it must be men¬ 
tioned that relations between the portio inferior and the m. nasalis 
similar to those of the Elephant are found for instance in the 
Ungulates, in which the portio inferior is to a still larger extent 
traversed by the m. nasalis than in the Elephant. In the Ungu¬ 
lates, indeed, the muscle radiating in front like a fan offers a 
