33 
Elephant. 
Maxillo-labialis. Buccinator-group, 
34 
arise which insert themselves, either into the bottom of a groove 
or into the face of a leaf. In this way small »musculi digastrici« 
are formed which indeed are rather thin; but as we, as a rule, 
always found this arrangement in the longest fascicles, these 
j digastric* muscles could span quite a considerable length. The 
other fascicles of a groove showed very different lengths, and 
gradually inserted themselves, under their course in the groove, 
partly into the bottom of the latter partly into the neighbouring 
leaves (fig. D). According as the bundles of such a section fail, 
new ones arise from the bottom or the walls of the groove, to 
insert themselves again in the same way as the former. No fixed 
rules were found as to the ways in which such bundles arose 
and were inserted: Bundles arising from the bottom of a groove 
might again insert themselves into the bottom of the same groove 
whereas others inserted themselves into the leaves. Bundles ari¬ 
sing from a leaf often inserted themselves again into the same 
leaf, whereas others inserted themselves into the bottom of the 
groove. There were, as we have mentioned, numerous 2 anasto¬ 
moses* and divisions of the leaves, and these points of anasto¬ 
moses and divisions are constantly used by the fascicles partly 
as insertion partly as origin. Where the leaves after such a for¬ 
mation of an anastomosis again part from each other and continue 
the course, a special arrangement is found. Through the point 
of anastomosis there stretches a little thin aponeurosis, which in 
the proximal section serves as insertion, in the distal one as 
origin, of part of the fascicles of the respective sections; here we 
again find a formation that reminds us of the digastric muscles, 
only with the difference that the intermedial tendon is here 
fastened to the two leaves that limit the section. Finally it must 
still be mentioned that the free, sharply truncated edges with 
which the leaves end, or begin, are likewise always used by the 
fascicles for insertion or origin, either on one or on both faces, 
so that in such places there is found a typical semipennate or 
pennate arrangement of the bundles. 
It is evident from this account that the maxillo-labialis pos¬ 
sesses a most complicated and also a quite special muscular struc¬ 
ture; the formation of the trunk has been of singular influence 
on the structure of this muscle. 
4. THE BUCCINATOR-CROUP. 
PI. 1, PI. 2, PI. 3, PI. 4; PI. 16, fig. 16. 
This group contains all the constituents mentioned in the 
General Part. First one finds the m. buccinatorius itself, in which 
both transverse and longitudinal fascicles can be distinguished, 
and its subdivisions the pars rimana and the pars supralabialis. 
Further the m. nasalis and the m. mentalis. But in many respects 
this muscular group presents peculiarities which are in the clo¬ 
sest connection with the not insignificant share this group has 
in the formation of the muscular system of the trunk, especially 
its ventral and partly its lateral parts. 
The part of the m. buccinatorius which lies in front of the 
anterior margin of the m. masseter and the m. temporalis, and 
also forms the base of the cheek, has a rather strange external 
shape. It forms a thick, rounded, closely united, muscular mass 
(comp. PL 2 and PI. 4); it is high but very short, and in the 
specimen we dissected, of about the circumference of a clenched 
fist. Covered by this muscular mass are the gl. buccales, which 
are present in so great a number and occupy so considerable a 
circumference that they are not altogether without influence on 
the formation of the m. buccinatorius (v. Plate 3). Above, between 
the muscle and the laterally much expanded maxillary bone a 
fissure is formed (PI. 2), 7—8 cm deep and a couple of cm 
broad, filled with adipose tissue; the n. facialis runs superficially 
in this rather considerable mass of adipose tissue (PI. 1). 
The buccinator arises from the hindmost part of the maxil¬ 
lary bone, a little behind and above the upper molar, further 
from the hindmost part of the mucous membrane of the cheek 
and from the lower jaw on the inside of the ramus ascendens, 
a little behind the lower molar. From this line of origin there 
arises a high, flat, but in the lower half, however, a rather full mu¬ 
scular body, whose fascicles are all longitudinal, that is, form 
only one layer (comp, the diagram PI. 16, fig. 16). If one follows 
the fascicles onwards, it appears that the part arising from the 
lower jaw, the mandibular portion, soon distinguishes itself from 
the dorsal portion of the buccinator (arising from the maxillary 
bone and the mucous membrane). And this is partly owing to the 
fact that it grows thicker, but partly, and more particularly, because 
some of its fascicles alter their direction. After having reached 
the anterior margin of the mm. masseter and temporalis, the up¬ 
per fascicles of the mandibular portion turn upwards, transver- 
sally crossing the longitudinal fascicles arising from the maxillary 
bone and the mucous membrane, and becomes inserted into the 
maxillary bone above the mucous membrane (v. Plate 4 where 
the mandibular fascicles appear very distinctly a little in front 
of the m. temporalis; they are seen crossing the upper portion, 
which is faintly seen in the depth). As an immediate continua¬ 
tion of these upwardly turning, now transverse, fascicles there 
follows a number of coarse thick bundles, which, in the shape 
of a transverse layer, arise from the maxillary bone, turn out¬ 
wards forming the bottom of the deep fissure under the maxil¬ 
lary bone, mentioned above, and then bend downwards covering 
about the upper half of the buccinator. The hindmost fascicles — 
those which join the fascicles of the mandibular portion — are 
the longest and coarsest and thrust in between the longitudinal 
fascicles that lie below, where they end in short pointed tendons. 
In front the fascicles gradually grow shorter and the foremost 
do not, with their short pointed tendinous ends, reach farther 
down than to the height of the angle of the mouth; from here 
the transvei'se layer proceeds a short distance into the upper lip, 
where the fascicles are arranged in several layers, the superficial 
ones of which arch over the posterior part of the longitudinal 
fascicles of the upper lip, whereas the deep ones cross them and 
project between them. The fascicles of the platysma thrust them¬ 
selves in between the fascicles of the transverse layer of the buc¬ 
cinator in several rows, joining the longitudinal fascicles of the 
deep layer of the buccinator (PI. 4). Immediately in front of the 
transverse layer, partly crossing its fascicles, steeps out a thick 
mass of thin longitudinal fascicles which make their way down 
into the under lip, in the hindmost part of which they end with 
thin pointed tendons (PL 4). 
While, as described, the upper fascicles of the mandibular 
portion alter their direction and pass into a transverse layer, the 
rest — indeed the greater part of the fascicles of this portion — 
proceed further on in longitudinal direction. The surface of the 
free part of the buccinator thus acquires quite a curious appea¬ 
rance (PL 2): in about its upper half a transverse layer is seen, 
in the lower half a longitudinal layer — both of them origina¬ 
ting from the mandibular portion and forming the superficial 
layer of the buccinator. In front the longitudinal fascicles gather 
together in the under lip, where the uppermost, superficial fas¬ 
cicles end in the connective tissue wilh short pointed tendons. 
The rest, and indeed the principal mass, as one muscular body, 
turns upwards and inwards, bending anteriorly around the great 
united mass of the undermost glands of the cheek, and inserting 
themselves onto the lower jaw (in PL 3 the greater part of these 
fascicles are seen close in front of the glandular mass). Straight 
through the longitudinal layer a broad somewhat irregular »in- 
scriptio tendinea* passes dorso-ventrad; the fascicles that come 
from behind end with pointed tendons in this stripe and from 
it arise the anterior fascicles. For some fascicles the tendons 
may be prepared out of the tendinous stripe and then appear as 
an intermedial tendon between a hindmost and a foremost fascicle. 
The tendinous stripe does not extend through the whole height 
of the longitudinal layer; in the lower part of the longitudinal 
layer the fascicles traverse (PL 4). 
In the other portion of the buccinator, arising from the max¬ 
illary bone and the mucous membrane, — which we term the 
maxillary portion — the fascicles are arranged longitudinally 
throughout their whole course. Only in front, where a great 
part of them thrust down in the under lip, the direction is a 
little downward. These longitudinal fascicles run in front inside 
5 
