37 
Elephant. 
Buccinator-group. 
closely connected with the skin. On the proximal part of the 
trunk the fascicles reach highest up, almost to the very dorsal 
face, here covering part of the m. maxillo-labialis; but in its 
further course the muscular body grows narrower, the line of 
insertion does not extend so far dorsad on the lateral face of 
the trunk, where it only reaches up to the lateral margin of the 
maxillo-labialis, corresponding to about the middle of the lateral 
face of the trunk (PI. 1). At the distal end, where its fascicles are 
almost longitudinal, the muscular body has become quite narrow, 
and united with the maxillo-labialis so intimately that the limit 
between them can hardly be indicated (PI. 1). 
If the pars rimana is removed, there is found under it a con¬ 
tinuous layer of fascicles throughout the whole length of the 
trunk, and crossing the direction of the fascicles of the pars ri¬ 
mana (PI. 2). This deep oblique layer takes its origin from the front 
end of the intermaxillary bone and from the inside of the base of 
the incisor; but from this point the line of origin proceeds down¬ 
wards upon the proboscis for the whole length — along the margin 
of the maxillo-labialis, the fascicles arising from inside the lateral 
border of this muscle (PL 14, fig. 2). This deep oblique layer is 
the pars supralabialis m. buccinatorii of the Elephant. Indeed, it does 
not form any direct continuation of the buccinator, its origin 
appearing with a certain independence, but something similar 
we have also found elsewhere e. g. in the Tapir. And the manner 
in which the hinder end of the muscle takes its origin from the 
intermaxillary bone and the position of the muscle in relation 
to the pars rimana are those of the pars supralabialis (comp 
also the pars supralabialis of the Elk, where sometimes an ante¬ 
rior portion of the fascicles of the supralabialis also does not 
take its origin from the bone). 
As to the details of the pars supralabialis in the Elephant 
we shall further mention the following: From the whole line of 
origin the fascicles run obliquely forwards (distad), then turning 
in a semicircle on to the ventral face of the trunk (PI. 14, fig. 10). 
Thus they cross the fascicles of the pars rimana and this crossing 
is distinctly pronounced throughout the whole course of the muscles. 
On the basal part of the trunk where, as we have said, the fas¬ 
cicles of the pars rimana turned very steeply on to the dorsal 
face almost approaching to the transverse direction, the fascicles 
of the pars supralabialis are found running only a little obliquely 
forwards approaching most to a longitudinal direction (comp. 
PI. 1 and 2, PI. 14, fig. 9 and 10). While the fascicles of the pars 
rimana in their further course took a less and less oblique di¬ 
rection, the reverse obtains with the fascicles of the pars supra¬ 
labialis as they take a steeper and steeper course, on the distal 
part of the trunk closely approaching to the transverse direction. 
The fascicles of the pars supralabialis are inserted into the deep 
face of the aponeurosis covering the ventral face of the trunk 
and serving as origin of the pars rimana, and reach almost to 
the very median line. So then, only a narrow stripe of the apo¬ 
neurosis remains free between the lines of insertion for the right 
and left pars supralabialis (PI. 14, fig. 2 and 10). 
The m. nasalis (PI. 1—4) arises from the intermaxillary bone 
behind, above and inside the base of the incisor. The foremost 
rather thick part (PI. 3), which takes its origin from inside the 
base of the incisor, extends obliquely upon the proximal part of 
the ventral side of the proboscis, covered by the basal portion of 
the pars supralabialis m. buccinatorii; the ends of its fibres are di¬ 
rected upwards and forwards. The rest of the muscle is as usual 
situated on that part of the face lying above the upper lip. It 
forms a large mass of rather short and thick fascicles; in detail 
there is some difference between the two halves of the head, 
examined by us, and this fact makes it desirable to mention each 
separately. In the right half (PI. 1, 2 and 3) the fascicles arise 
remarkably regularly, in several rows, one above the other; al¬ 
together 5 such could be dissected out, the 2 d —4 th of which are 
seen in PL 2, whereas the fifth is figured in PL 3. The 1 st (under¬ 
most) row arises from the ventral face of the intermaxillary con¬ 
sisting ol rather a considerable number of fascicles that run 
transversely outwards, then turning in a semicircle upwards in 
the upper lip, where they partly thrust out above, partly cross 
38 
in between, the fascicles of the pars rimana (in PL 4 this 1 st row 
is figured on the left half). From each of the lines of origin of 
the following 4 rows the fascicles radiate upwards like a fan, 
and as the lines of origin lie higher and higher up and the fas¬ 
cicles of each row have about the same length, the fascicles ap¬ 
pear quite regularly imbricated, the short, pointed, tendinous 
ends of the fascicles of one row projecting somewhat above those 
of the one lying beneath. In the 4 th row, however, the fascicles 
are so long that they quite cover the 5 th one. The fascicles ol 
the 1 st —4 th row are inserted into the skin of the upper lip, 
and of the root of the trunk. The m. nasalis, as mentioned, 
crosses up through the portio inferior of the maxillo-labialis, and 
on the right side this crossing is done in such a way that an 
anterior, rather broad, fascicle of the 4 th row thrusts up through 
the portio inferior so that this, as it were, is divided into two 
portions which, however, soon are connected again (PL 2). — 
The 5 th row (PL 3) arises from the dorsal face of the intermaxil¬ 
lary, and forms the most important part of the whole muscle. 
It measures about 2 cm in width (thickness). The fascicles ra¬ 
diate upwards to the fascia on the trunk, where they are inserted, 
but are during their course crossed by the radial fascicles (m. recti, 
v. infra) of the trunk, which are arranged like leaves and project 
between the fascicles of this row. It is a very intimate crossing 
that is formed by these two muscles since in each interval be¬ 
tween the fascicles of the 5 th row, a plate of radial fascicles 
projects (PI. 3). The 5 th row is anteriorly continued by the fore¬ 
most part of nasalis, mentioned above, which arises from inside 
the base of the incisor. 
In the left half (PL 4) of the head examined as to all essen¬ 
tial points the same is found as in the right half, but the fascic¬ 
les neither arise, nor are arranged, so regularly as on that side; 
the whole forms a more continuous muscular mass consisting of 
rather coarse fascicles with plenty of intramuscular adipose con¬ 
nective tissue, so that each fascicle may easily be dissected out. 
On this side there is also a crossing of the portio inferior m. 
maxillo-labialis but with more scattered and fewer fascicles, than 
on the right side. The relation to the radial fascicles is the same 
as on the other side. The most ventral fascicles penetrate the 
pars rimana of the upper lip; in PL 4 the ends of these bundles 
are distinctly seen. 
The m. mentalis (PL 1—4, espec. 3 and 4) forms a very con¬ 
siderable mass of fascicles that in the usual way arise from the 
anterior part of the lower jaw, radiating to the skin of the same. 
Posteriorly the muscle intimately joins the superficial longitudinal 
fascicles of the m. buccinatorius — so intimately that, in reality, 
(hey form an immediate continuation of these fascicles. This 
is distinctly seen in PL 4, where the ends of the fascicles of 
the mentalis are seen thrusting out from the connective tissue 
in the under lip. The fascicles radiate towards the skin, and are 
in the main arranged similarly to the fascicles of the m. nasalis, 
that is, in rows (v. the cut in the under lip in PL 3). 
The buccinator-group has been examined most deficiently by 
previous authors. In the paper of Watson there is a very short 
and rather vague description of the m. buccinatorius itself. Miall 
and Greenwood evidently have not examined this group at all, 
as thej' content themselves with quoting Watson. As to the 
muscles of the trunk; previous authors have, of course, all found 
the two oblique layers, just as they also all of them know the 
longitudinal (m. maxillo-labialis) and the radial fascicles; but the 
description shows, clearly enough, that they have by no means 
dissected with the necessary minuteness. The consequence of 
this, indeed, is that their conception of the whole buccinator- 
group in the Elephant is essentially different from ours in nearly 
all respects. None of them have realized the intimate connection 
of the muscles of cheek, lip, and trunk, but describe these por¬ 
tions separately as independent muscles. To limit ourselves to 
Miall and Greenwood, whose investigations evidently are the 
most thorough hitherto given, we find that they acquiesce en¬ 
tirely in Cuvier’s old statement; according to which, there is a 
superficial layer with fascicles running more or less longitudinally, 
and a deep layer with radial and transverse fascicles. Again, the 
longitudinal muscles* are on each side divided into an »ante- 
rior«, a »lateralis« and a ^posterior one. The anterior or the 
slevator proboscidis* is our portio superior m. maxillo-labialis. 
The ^posterior* muscle or »depressor proboscidis«, consisting of 
2 layers of oblique fascicles, arranged in crossing direction, "evi¬ 
dently corresponds to our pars rimana and pars supralabialis. 
