39 
Elephant. 
Buccinator-group. Lateralis nasi. Rectus nasi. 
40 
Finally, the m. longitudinalis lateralis is mentioned. This is said 
to consist of 2 portions: »one is derived from orbicularis oris, 
the other springs from the anterior margin of the orbit. They 
are inserted by a series of slips between the anterior and poste¬ 
rior longitudinal muscle along the proximal half of the proboscis«. 
One of these portions — the one that arises »from the anterior 
margin of the orbit« — evidently corresponds to our portio in¬ 
ferior m. maxillo-labialis; but what the other portion represents 
we cannot imagine. 
We have mentioned the investigations of the previous authors 
in such detail to show the limited nature of their scope: It is a 
merely descriptive treatment — moreover very deficient, and full 
of mistakes — and not the least attempt has been made to esta¬ 
blish the morphology of the muscles of the trunk. 
5. THE M. LATERALIS NASI 
(PI, 3; PL 14, fig. 11) 
is powerfully developed, and consists of coarse fascicles with 
plenty of adipose intramuscular connective tissue, so that the 
fascicles may easily be dissected out singly. The origin of the 
muscle forms a bow along' the lateral and dorsal circumference 
of the bony entrance to the cavity of the nose: and farther on 
in the median line from the cartilaginous nose (septum). If we 
begin at the lateral circumference, the anterior fascicles arise 
from a firm and compact mass of connective tissue, in front of 
the orbit, and covered by the m. maxillo-labialis. Farther up the 
fascicles arise from the proc. nasalis of the intermaxillary bone 
and from this point the line of origin turns on to the nasal 
bone (PI. 14, fig. 11). The fascicles arising from the nasal bone 
are separated by a space which was filled with adipose tis¬ 
sue from those coming from the intermaxillary. The nasal fascic¬ 
les unite, like a fan, and are inserted into the mucous membrane 
of the nose, whereas those from the intermaxillary run more 
transversally inwards, and also are inserted into the mucous 
membrane. The muscle proceeds farther down upon the cartila¬ 
ginous nose, where it arises, a little from the median line, for¬ 
ming a flat, rather powerful muscular body; which with its 
transverse fascicles covers the greatest part of the cartilaginous 
wings of the nose, inserting themselves to the surface of these 
wings near the margin. In front, in the median line, the right 
and left muscular bodies unite so intimately that no limit can 
be shown between them. 
That the muscle described is the m. lateralis nasi is beyond 
all doubt. The part thereof which arises from the lateral, and 
dorsal circumference, of the bony entrance of the cavity of the 
nose, and is inserted into the mucous membrane of the nose, 
corresponds exactly to that which we have found in the other 
Mammals examined. This part of the muscle is, in the Elephant, 
uncommonly well developed, and evidently serves to pull the 
soft nasal wall outwards, and, by this means, to increase the 
space in the cavity of the nose at this spot. Thus then it is cer¬ 
tainly active when the animal drinks (sucks up the water into 
the trunk). 
The part of the muscle which lies on the cartilaginous wings 
of the nose is somewhat different, in so far as its fibres do not 
insert themselves into the mucous membrane of the nose itself; 
but to the cartilaginous wings of the nose. The only one of the 
Mammals examined by us in which we have found anything 
similar, is the Horse (v. Appendix) where a rather powerful 
muscle is stretched between the freely moveable cartilaginous 
wings of the nose (the m. transversus nasi of the Veterinarians,- 
comp. PI. 8, fig. 1). In our examination of the Horse we found 
that this m. transversus nasi is nothing more than the anterior 
part of the m. lateralis nasi, which has here lost its insertion 
into the mucous membrane of the nose, and has become instead 
inserted into the wings of the nose. The examination of the Ele¬ 
phant fully confirms this view. The muscular body lying on the 
wings of the nose is a direct continuation of the part of the m. 
lateralis nasi that arises dorsad of the entrance to the nose. Be¬ 
tween the Horse and the Elephant there is, however, this diffe¬ 
rence, that in the former, the fascicles run without interruption 
from one wing of the nose over the median line to the other; 
in the Elephant on the contrary this »m. transversus nasi« has 
not been so much differentiated — or: it shows a more primi¬ 
tive feature, as it still consists of a right and a left muscular 
body each forming a direct continuation of the corresponding 
m. lateralis nasi; only in front the two muscular bodies meet. 
6. THE M. RECTUS NASI 
(PL 3: Pl. 14, fig. 2, 5, 6, 7 and 8) 
is immensely developed, and forms a powerful system of fascicles 
that extend through the whole length of the trunk radiating out¬ 
wards from the whole circumference of the long nasal tube 
(PI. 14, fig. 2). In order to study more closely the details of the 
arrangement of the fascicles of the whole of this system we have 
used a series of transverse sections cut in different parts of the 
trunk, from its very root outwards to its tip. The fascicles show 
the following arrangement. 
On a section (PI. 14, fig. 5; comp. Pi. 3) immediately in front 
of the cartilaginous nose there are seen fascicles which, from the 
dorsal circumference of the nasal tube, radiate dorsad. The fas¬ 
cicles are long, not very closely set, and directed a little obliquely, 
dorso-distad; they are arranged in parallel longitudinal rows 
ending in the connective tissue under the portio superior m. 
maxillo-labialis. The spaces between them are filled with adipose 
connective tissue. Mediad, the}' pass smoothly into short fascicles 
that run transversely from one nasal tube to the other. These 
transverse fascicles are found through the whole of the soft sep¬ 
tum between the nasal tubes, in which they lie arranged in small 
groups separated by rather compact connective tissue. If the 
dorsal fascicles are followed laterad, they are found to pass im¬ 
mediately into a close mass of thick fascicles, which, from the 
whole lateral circumference of the nasal tube radiate laterad. 
These fascicles are arranged, fairly regularly, in transverse rows, 
and project between the fascicles of the m. nasalis (PI. 3). Proxi- 
mad, these lateral fascicles border on the m. lateralis nasi, and 
there is so smooth a passage between these tw r o muscles that no 
limit at all can be shown between them. If the lateral fascicles 
are traced ventrad, they are found to be continued by fascicles, 
that, from the whole ventral circumference of the nasal tube ra¬ 
diate ventrad, and are inserted into the dorsal face of the inter¬ 
maxillary bone. These ventral fascicles are short, the distance 
between the nasal tube and the dorsal face of the intermaxillary 
being small. 
In the next part of the trunk the nasal tube rises more and 
more from the intermaxillary bone, and, on a section at the an¬ 
terior margin of this, the following is found (PI. 14, fig. 6): Dorsad, 
the fascicles radiate upwards, standing closer than in the section 
first described; laterally they pass smoothly into the laterad ra¬ 
diating fascicles, which thrust themselves out between the fascic¬ 
les of the m. nasalis. Finally there is found, ventrad, a high, and 
thick mass of close standing fascicles which are inserted into 
the intermaxillary bone. These fascicles border laterad onto the 
m. nasalis and are so intimately annexed to them, that hardly 
any limit can be shown. We cannot decide whether this intimate 
cohesion of the rectus, and the nasalis, and the equal close con¬ 
nection of the rectus and the lateralis nasi mentioned under the 
description of the first section may be conceived of as demon¬ 
strating a genetic connection between these muscles. In the Ele¬ 
phant, where the fascicles are so coarse that each of them may 
easily be dissected out, this cohesion is very conspicuous; but 
we must admit that we have not sufficiently examined the rela¬ 
tions of these muscles in other Mammals, where the thinness of 
the fascicles greatly impedes the examination. In itself, it is 
by no means unlikely that the said muscles belonged to, or 
were developed from, a common system; but the isolated ob¬ 
servations we have made do not justify any definite conclusion. 
The more so, as we are here dealing with an animal whose 
muscular system has in so many respects undergone most radi¬ 
cal changes. Indeed, there is the possibility as well, that the said 
connection of the muscles is but of a mere secondary nature. — 
On the section described, there are also transverse fascicles in 
the septum between the nasal tubes. In about the dorsal hall 
