43 
Elephant. 
Muscular system of the trunk. Ear-muscles. 
44 
Furthermore in the proboscis the whole system of the radial 
fascicles, the m. rectus nasi, is found, and they are certainly of 
great importance in many respects. It can hardly be doubted 
that, by their contraction, they will dilate the nasal tubes, so 
that they can support the m. lateralis nasi in its action (v. p. 39), 
when the animal sucks up water in the trunk. Further it is 
surely this muscular system which produces the elongation 1 ) of 
the trunk; the Elephant can stretch the trunk. When the rectus 
system contracts, the skin and the walls of the nasal tubes ap¬ 
proach, and when at the same time the other muscles are re¬ 
laxed, the trunk will by this means be elongated. Finally, there 
can be no doubt but that the rectus system is of great impor¬ 
tance in so far as the activity of the m. maxillo-labialis is con¬ 
cerned. And this because contraction of the rectus-fascicles will 
fix the aponeuroses, from which, as we have already pointed out, 
the longitudinal fascicles take their origin and into which they 
are inserted. 
Finally we add the following comments: The entrance to 
the nasal tubes, at the point of the trunk, is, as is well-known, 
in the Indian Elephant limited dorsad by an elongation shaped 
like a finger, ventrad by a lip-shaped fold of the skin. »The fin¬ 
ger* and »the lip« can be separated, or brought together. In the 
former motion »the finger* is raised by contraction of the fas¬ 
cicles of the portio superior m. maxillo-labialis, while »the lip« 
is drawn down by the fascicles of the pars rimana, which, just 
on the distal part of the trunk, take a direction that nearly ap¬ 
proaches the longitudinal. The opposite motion, the bringing to¬ 
gether of »the finger* and »the lip«, by which the animal can 
seize objects, is, on the contrary, executed by the portio supra- 
labialis, whose fascicles, on the distal end of the trunk, run so 
obliquely that they almost approach the transverse direction. 
In the cheek of the Elephant we have found a system of 
fascicles which from the mucous membrane radiate transversally, 
a »m. rectus buccce«, analogous to the m. rectus nasi. From the 
mucous membrane, partly from both faces of the great fold men¬ 
tioned (v. p. 35), partly, in front of and behind it, there arises 
a rather considerable mass of thick fascicles that radiate trans¬ 
versally, some of them in a low bow, thrusting themselves in 
between the longitudinal fascicles of the m. buccinatorius, where 
they end. Particularly behind the great fold of the mucous mem¬ 
brane these fascicles appear in considerable numbers. In none 
of the other Mammals examined we have found anything corre¬ 
sponding. 
In the upper Up with the exception of the proboscis we have 
found no rectus-bundles. In the under lip there are numerous rectus- 
bundles going from the inner side of the spout-formed anterior part 
of the under lip to the outer side of the same — the only mus¬ 
cular elements in this part of the under lip. Posteriorly these 
rectus-bundles close the numerous bundles of the m. mentalis, 
as the anterior continuation of which muscle they appear. 
7. MUSCLES OF THE EXTERNAL EAR. 
Pl. 1; PI. 15, fig. 7. 
The external ear of the Elephant, with its muscles, is pecu¬ 
liar in that, for the most part, it is situated on the neck, and 
the muscles to a larger extent than usual take their origin from 
the neck. 
A scutellum is not present; but there is a tendinous stripe 
in the muscular plate formed by a number of the greater ear. 
muscles, which without doubt is the representative of the lost 
scutellum. 
a. Scutularis-group. 
The m. scutularis is represented by the following portions. 
Above, and close behind, the eye there arises from the skull 
a short flat muscular belly, No. 1, whose fibres are directed up¬ 
ward and hindward; it is continued by a long narrow, and strong 
tendon, which slightly arcuate runs above the great facial gland. 
J ) Comp. Harrison, Anatomical Observations of some parts of the Elephant. 
From Proc. R. Irish Acad. Vol. 3 (1847). p. 12. 
A little above this muscular belly lies a rudimentary muscle, 
No. 2, which also is continued into a tendon, which soon joins 
that of No. 1. The joint tendon passes behind the facial gland 
into a powerful muscle, No. 3, whose fibres have a horizontal 
direction, and which are inserted, fleshy, into the convex side of 
the auricle near the anterior margin below the anteron 7. With 
No. 3 is again another considerable muscle connected, No. 4, which 
arises from the connective tissue outside the m. temporalis, and 
from the skull behind the temporal fossa. The fibres thereof are 
directed backward and a little downward; inferiorly it passes 
without any limit into No. 3. The upper part of No. 4 is inserted 
into a tendinous stripe, the homologue of the scutellum, into which 
also the m. auriculo-occipitalis is inserted. 
The muscles 1, 2, 3 and 4 together represent the m. scutu¬ 
laris; No. 3 is the pars transiens. The portions designed as No. 1 
and 2 are similar to the detached foremost part of the scutularis 
in the Tapir (PI. 7). 
M. rotator. From the tendinous stripe mentioned above, and 
from a line on the inside of the scutularis lying in the continu¬ 
ation of this stripe a short strong muscle, No. 5, arises which is in¬ 
serted into the convex surface of the auricle near the anterior margin 
(at the base of the anteron 5), above the insertion of the deep 
portion of the postauricularis. The direction of the fibres are 
principally dorso-venlrad. 
Although the direction of the fibres of the m. rotator is ge¬ 
nerally more before-backward and the insertion also somewhat 
more backward, the muscle described cannot be anything but 
the rotator. The altered direction of its fibres is dependent on 
the alteration of the place of the whole ear; and the difference 
in the insertion is insignificant. 
b. Auriculo-occipitalis-group. 
The m. auriculo-occipitalis is split up into two quite distinct 
portions, which both arise near one another from the fascia co¬ 
vering the large muscles of the neck; they arise rather far from 
the skull, and from the middle line. The anterior (or superior) 
portion (No. 6), which may again be separated into two halves, 
lying close to one another, corresponds to that part of the auri¬ 
culo-occipitalis which in other Mammals is inserted into the scu¬ 
tellum. It is inserted into the tendinous stripe, described above 
as the homologue of the scutellum. At the insertion, its fascicles 
cross those of the upper portion of the scutularis. Some of the 
inferior bundles thereof join the external side of the rotator. — 
The posterior (inferior) portion (No. 7) is a long rather strong, but 
narrow muscle which arises from the same fascia close below 
the anterior portion. It is inserted into the mediad side of the 
auricle near the anterior margin close below the insertion of the 
pars transiens musculi scutularis. It has a broad plane of inser¬ 
tion, while usually the auricular part of the auriculo-occipitalis 
is inserted into a long transverse line. 
The Elephant is not the only Mammal, in which the auri¬ 
cular portion of the auriculo-occipitalis has been quite separated 
from the rest of the muscle. In the Elk, for instance, the same 
is the case. 
The m. postauricularis is represented by three quite separated 
muscles, of which two represent the superficial, the third the deep 
portion. Of the two muscles representing the superficial portion 
the superior (No. 8) arises on the side of the neck covered by the 
auricular portion of the auriculo-occipitalis and is inserted into 
the mediad side of the auricle, close below the insertion of the 
same auricular portion. The inferior (No. 9) arises close below the 
auricular portion of the auriculo-occipitalis, to which both musc¬ 
les (No. 8 and 9) are similar in form, and is inserted at a rather 
great distance from No. 8 close above the hind end of No. 12. — 
The deep portion (No. 10) is a broad rather strong muscle lying- 
on the m. splenius, surrounded by a fibrous sheeth and adipous 
tissue; it is inserted into the auricle below r the insertion of the 
rotator near the anteron 5. 
The m. adductor inferior (No. 11) is a peculiar little short and 
broad muscle lying in front of the ear-opening. The muscle, 
which is somewhat fanshaped, arises for the greater part from 
