45 
Elephant. 
Ear-muscles. 
Musculus x. 
46 
an aponeurosis ensheathing the m. temporo-auricularis (No. 13); 
but the inferior bundles take their origin from the skull close 
in front of and above the so-called external bony auditory mea¬ 
tus (formed by the squamosal bone and surrounding partly the 
proximal end of the auricular cartilage). The inferior bundles 
are horizontal, the superior vertical; the inferior part of the 
muscle is far the strongest, the superior being rather thin. The 
insertion is on the distal border of the tragus and on the bridge¬ 
like part of the auricle lying between the ineisura post. 4 and 
the ineisura ant. 2. 
From the hinder end of the zygoma arises a strong rectan¬ 
gular muscle (No. 12), which is inserted into I he auricle below 
the muscle just described, on the mediad side of the auricle 
unto the margin, which in an ordinary Mammal is the posterior 
margin of the ear-conch (distal border of ineisura post. 4). The 
insertion quite corresponds to that of the auricular portion of the 
m. sphincter profundus. Against this homologization stands the 
direction of the fibres, which is horizontal, and the fact, that 
they take their origin from the zygoma. But the altered direc¬ 
tion of the fibres may be a consequence of the torsion of the 
whole ear. And as to the origin of the muscle from the zygoma 
it must be remembered that other facial muscles may also some¬ 
times take their origin from the connective tissue or from other 
muscles, sometimes from the skeleton. And as to the sphincter 
profundus especially we have seen that it may arise from the 
anterior end of the sternum (e. g. Myopotamus, p. 8). So far 
there is nothing which could make it impossible to accept that 
interpretation. 
The only other possibility is that it is a muscle comparable 
to the ^adductor ext emus’!- of the Horse, which muscle we have 
interpreted as a separate portion of the adductor inferior. But 
this muscle is a development peculiar to the Horse, and not pre¬ 
sent in other Mammals examined by us. And it appears not very 
probable that the muscle in question, in the Elephant, should also 
be a separate part of the adductor inferior. But it is possible, and 
the question as to the homology of the muscle is still an open one. 
c. Musculus temporo-auricularis (No. 13). 
This muscle takes its origin from the skull close above the 
external bony auditory meatus. In comparison with the same 
muscle in most other Mammals it is a rather short, and stout, 
muscle. It is inserted, as usual, into the anteron 5. The muscle 
is in the Elephant situated as in the Dog on the front side of 
the cartilaginous meatus, while for instance in the Horse it has 
its place more posteriorly. In the Elephant it is situated nearer 
to the outer surface than in other Mammals, so that it is partly 
visible as soon as the skin is removed; in other Mammals it 
lies deeper. 
cl. Muscles which both arise from and are inserted into 
the auricular cartilage. 
The m. anted sexti (No. 14) has its place directly behind the 
adductor inferior, with whose superior fascicles it is intimately 
connected. It arises (as in the Horse etc.) from the tragus and 
does not as in most other Mammals reach the anteron 7 but is 
inserted into the outer side of the hooked anteron 6 (comp, the 
Horse, p. 19). It is a rather strong, slender muscle. 
The in. transversus (No. 15) has, as usual, its place on the 
mediad side of the auricle; it is comparatively strong. Most of 
its fibres have a direction toward the apex of the ear; the fibres 
of a smaller anterior portion (No. 15*) are directed toward the 
superior (anterior) margin of the ear. 
Note. Finally we note a little rather singular muscle, which 
we have found in the Elephant examined: Musculus x, Plate 2. 
After removal of the auricle and its muscles we found on 
the upper part of the right side of the head, directly behind the. 
temporal fossa, a triangular pennate muscle, thin and flat. The 
muscular body, which is 5 cm broad, 7 cm long, is at the lop 
continued into a narrow tendon, which has a dorsad direction 
and ends in the periost behind the temporal fossa. The muscular 
fascicles radiate downwards and end in the connective tissue. 
The muscle lies on a considerable layer of adipose tissue, a couple 
of cm thick, lying outside the skull between the origin of the 
m. temporalis and the insertion of the m. splenius. 
This remarkable muscle was only present on the right side 
of the head; on the left side there was no trace of it; we note 
especially, that on the right side it was so distinct and conspi¬ 
cuous, that there is no possibility of our having overseen it on 
the left side, if it had been present there. How this muscle shall 
be interpreted, how it has arisen, and what are its functions, 
we are at a loss to say. It has no connection whatever with the 
ear-muscles, nor with any of the other muscles, nor have we in 
other Mammals found a muscle comparable with it. 
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