APPENDIX: 
Descriptions of the facial muscles of various Ungulates. 1 ) 
1. CAMEL. 
(Camelus bartrianus, young. — Dromedary.) 
i. Platysma-sphincter-group. 
PI. 5. 
The sphincter superficialis is wanting, at all events on the head 2 ). 
The platysma forms a flat, continuous, rather full muscular 
body, the bundles of which arise from an aponeurosis on the 
dorso-lateral circumference of the neck and the occiput. The 
bundles extend farther back (a little behind .the parotis) in the 
Camel than in the Dromedary (v. PL 5), in which they arise at 
some distance in front of the salivary gland. The muscular body 
stretches with longitudinal, slightly arched bundles on the 
lower part of the face, reaching nearly half way up on the 
masseter, the anterior end thrusting between the bundles of the 
m. buccinatorius, at some distance behind, and below, the angle 
of the mouth. In the Camel they do not extend quite so far as 
in the Dromedary, where the anterior bundles pass obliquely up¬ 
wards, towards the lower lip. The muscular body is so broad 
that it extends downwards, round the margin of the lower jaw, 
from which several of the lower bundles take their origin. Up¬ 
wards the muscular body is continued in the form of a thin 
fascia, which covers a great part of the m. masseter and the 
other muscles of the face (in PI. 5 this fascia has been dissected off). 
The pars zygomatica is completely separated from the rest 
of the platysma. It is a broad and rather powerful muscle aris¬ 
ing with a flat well defined tendon from the arcus zyg'omaticus: 
from the origin the bundles turn forwards in a slight arc, then 
passing longitudinally straight forwards in the direction of the 
angle of the mouth, thrusting, at some distance behind the latter, 
between the bundles of the m. buccinatorius. 
The sphincter profundus is present in the shape of two por¬ 
tions quite separated from each other. The posterior, the auri¬ 
cular portion, arises with a thin aponeurosis, outside the parotis; 
the narrow, very thin and pale muscle inserts itself into the la¬ 
teral circumference of the basis of the auricle. The anterior por¬ 
tion, the portio palpebralis, arises with a thin aponeurosis out¬ 
side the m. masseter and the m. buccinatorius, which is covered 
by the platysma. The muscular body is flat, thin and rather nar¬ 
row, and its bundles converge dorsad thrusting between the bundles 
of the m. orbicularis oculi of the lower eyelid. 
*) The muscles of the external ear have not been included in these descriptions, 
which on the whole make no claim of being exhaustive, but which we think will 
nevertheless be of some use. They have been prepared for the sake of com¬ 
parison with the corresponding muscles of the Elephant. 
2 ) Nor in the Lama, the whole neck of which we have examined, there is a 
sphincter superficialis present. The neck of the Camel we have not had an op¬ 
portunity to examine. 
2. Orbicularis-oculi-group 
(PI. 5 and PI. 16, fig. 21) 
is quite primitive in so far as the whole group forms a conti¬ 
nuous muscular plate in which no single muscle can be separated. 
Round the eye is the m. orbicularis oculi, which consists 
partly of circular fascicles, partly of fascicles that cross one an¬ 
other behind the posterior angle of the eye (comp, the diagram 
PI. 16, fig. 21). The whole muscular mass is so broad that it 
projects not a little beyond the margin of the bony orbita. It is 
particularly broad in the lower eyelid — rather broader than in 
the upper one — so that the fascicles which turn in an arc up 
behind the posterior angle of the eye extend a considerable di¬ 
stance behind this. 
Posteriori}' the orbicularis passes immediately into the m. 
postorbicularis. In the young Camel which we examined, the 
fascicles ran in a low arc dorso-ventrad, closely joining the 
orbicular fascicles. In the Dromedary figured, PI. 5 and PI. 16, 
these postorbicular fascicles are shorter, extending downwards 
only along the orbicular fascicles of the upper eyelid, and inter¬ 
locking with the orbicular fascicles of the lower eyelid. 
Anteriorly the orbicularis is continued directly in the m. 
prceorbicularis , which consists of fascicles that run in an arc from 
the forehead downwards before the m. orbicularis, the curve corre¬ 
sponding so exactly to that of the fascicles of this muscle that 
no limit whatever can be found between them. The prseorbicular 
fascicles spread like a fan downwards, thrusting themselves for 
the most part between the fascicles of the m. buccinatorius. 
Above the eye the prseorbicular fascicles are continued posteriorly 
into a rather broad and flat muscular body, the m. supraorbicu- 
laris. The fascicles of this muscle arise from an aponeurosis on 
the frontal surface, run outwards, and a little forwards, and extend 
downwards into the upper eyelid. 
In front, the m. prseorbicularis passes immediately into the 
m. nasolabialis, which forms a long and high, flat, muscular body 
extending over the anterior part of the face. The fascicles, 
which arise from an aponeurosis in the fronto-nasal region, run 
obliquely forwards and downwards. Behind the angle of the 
mouth they thrust themselves between the fascicles of the super¬ 
ficial layer of the m. buccinatorius; whereas in front of this they 
run into the upper lip. The origin of this muscle extends over 
the whole dorsum of the nose and, in the anterior part, the fa¬ 
scicles gradually take a more and more transverse direction, so 
that they at last run transversely outwards to the dorsal circum¬ 
ference of the nostril. A little behind this the muscular body 
is pierced by a bundle of fibres from the m. maxillo-labialis, 
which runs longitudinally above the nostril. (PI. 5, comp. PI. 11, 
fig. 4.) 
