53 
Facial muscles. of Camel. Elk. 
54 
Appendix. 
3. M. maxillo-labialis. 
PI. 11, fig. 4. 
Of the m. maxillo-labialis only the portio inferior is developed. 
This arises tendinously from the maxillary bone, ventrad and par¬ 
tially laterad of the foramen infraorbitale. The muscular body 
is flat, radiating like a fan forwards and upwards; the posterior 
rather short fascicles run upwards, inserting themselves into a 
thin aponeurosis, which inside the m. nasolabialis spreads out 
upon the nasal surface. The next fascicles radiate towards the 
nostril, inserting themselves along the posterior and lateral cir¬ 
cumference, the inferior ones running into the upper lip. The 
muscle is covered by the m. nasolabialis, but a little behind the 
nostril the latter is pierced by a portion of maxillo-labialis-fascicles 
which proceed along the mediad margin of the nostril. 
4. Buccinator-group. 
PI. 5, 6; PI. 11, fig. 4; PI. 16, fig. 1 and 2. 
The m. buccinalorius consists of two layers. The superficial 
layer (PI. 5; PI. 16, fig. 1), which is rather powerful, especially 
anteriorly, extends posteriorly to the m. masseter; and consists 
of arched, transverse fascicles that stretch from the upper to the 
lower jaw, turning round the angle where the cheek and the gin¬ 
giva meet. Posteriorly, in the region in front of the m. masseter, 
the gl. buccales inf. form a large, extended, continuous glandular 
mass, mostly covered by the transverse bundles of the buccinator. 
In front, towards the angle of the mouth, the layer becomes 
more powerful and passes direct into the pars rimana. In the 
upper lip the latter forms a rather narrow muscular brim along 
the margin of the lip, whereas, in the under lip, it is consi¬ 
derably higher, the bundles being disposed here in the following 
way: Along the margin of the lip a considerable number of 
bundles proceed parallel thereto; the inferior bundles, however, 
go obliquely forwards and downwards, passing in an arc inside 
the gingiva, inserting themselves into the lower jaw somewhat 
below the alveolar margin (PI. 16, fig. 1.) A rather considerable 
layer of the gl. labiales inf. is covered by the superficial layer of 
the buccinator (PL 6). The following yet remain to be described: 
Closely behind the angle of the mouth, in the region between the 
bundles, that turn forwards to form the pars rimana, and the en¬ 
trance of the pars zygomatica, there are a number of the most 
superficial bundles which behave in a peculiar manner; these 
bundles proceed straight upwards, partly spreading somewhat 
fan-wise and inserting themselves rather high upon the maxillary 
bone, almost up to the nasal bone (y. PL 5, where these bundles 
are distinctly seen thrusting up under the m. nasolabialis; comp. 
PL 16, fig. 1). 
Covered by the superficial transverse layer there is a deep 
longitudinal taper (PL 6; PL 16, fig. 2). This layer stretches along 
the whole row of teeth so that the posterior part thereof has its 
place within the m. masseter. It arises from the posterior part 
of the maxillary bone (tuber maxillae), from the mucous mem¬ 
brane, and from the anterior margin of the ramus ascendens 
mandibulae, at first forming a thick continuous layer, the bundles 
of which stretch longitudinally forwards. On their way several 
of these bundles insert themselves into the mucous membrane, 
partly thrusting between the pretty numerous but rather small 
gl. buccales, which are spread over most of the mucous mem¬ 
brane (v. PL 6; numerous pits are seen on the outside of the 
mucous membrane, in which these glands have had their place). 
At first the bundles pass longitudinally, straight on, but as they 
approach the angle of the mouth, they turn obliquely upwards in 
the direction of the angle of the mouth and the upper lip, so that 
none of the bundles of this layer reach into the under lip (PL 16, 
fig. 2). The lower bundles insert themselves into the mucous 
membrane just behind the angle of the mouth, whereas the others 
take the following course: The upper bundles (a, PL 6; comp. PL 
16, fig. 2) run upwards in a body, and insert themselves into the 
maxillary and the intermaxillary bones, mostly covered by the 
bundles of the superficial layer mentioned above. The other 
bundles ( b , Pl. 6) however, proceed obliquely into the upper lip, 
turn round the angle where the upper lip and the gingiva meet, 
and are inserted into the intermaxillary bone just above the al¬ 
veolar margin. As a direct continuation of these bundles there is 
in the rest of the upper lip (the anterior portion of the lip) a con¬ 
tinuous layer of bundles going from the margin of the upper lip 
in an arc round the angle where the mucous membrane of the 
upper lip and the gingiva unite, and inserting, farther on, into 
the intermaxillary bone (PL 16, fig. 2). Here we have the pars 
supralabialis m. buccinatorii. 
In the upper lip there are numerous small gl. labiales sup. 
placed between the fascicles. 
The m. nasalis (PL 6) arises from the intermaxillary bone 
in the space from the median line unto near the canine, close 
above the insertion of the portio supralabialis m. buccinatorii. 
The bundles radiate from here upwards, the mediad ones turning 
in a bow up to the portion below the nostril where they insert 
themselves; the lateral ones spreading up to the lateral and po¬ 
sterior circumference of the nostril. On PL 6 these bundles are 
seen stepping out above the portio supralabialis. 
The m. mentalis forms a thin muscular brim which arises from 
the anterior part of the lower jaw just below the insertion of 
the m. buccinalorius and radiates with its bundles downwards 
to the skin of the under lip. On Plate 5 and 6 these bundles 
are seen stepping out below the pars rimana. 
5. M. rectus nasi and m. rectus labii. 
In the »soft nasal tube« there are fascicles which extend from 
the skin of the exterior face of the nasal tube to the skin of the 
interior face of the nasal tube; and in the lips there are bundles 
going from the skin to the mucous membrane. We have limited 
ourselves to a microscopical statement of the presence of these 
bundles, but can say nothing further of their number and other facts. 
2. ELK. 
(cf junior — 2 senior.) 
i. Platysma-sphincter-group. 
The sphincter superficialis is wanting, at all events on the head. 
The platysma forms a continuous, flat, narrow, but rather 
powerful muscular body, coming from the neck and the occiput 
and running almost sli'aight forwards. The bundles are longitu¬ 
dinal, almost parallel to the longitudinal axis of the head and 
only bend slightly upwards in the anterior part. The muscle 
goes across the angle of the mandible, covering the lower part of the 
masseter and the buccinator, and making for the angle of the 
mouth and the under lip. 4—5 cm behind the angle of the 
mouth it meets with the pars zygomatica, which with its lower 
bundles also makes for the angle of the mouth, and in a space 
of about a couple of cm behind the latter the two muscles unite 
so closely that a limit between them cannot be shown. The 
platysma bundles end partly at the angle of the mouth partly 
in the under lip, where they thrust between the bundles of 
the pars rimana m. buccinatorii. 
Dorsad the muscular body of the platysma passes into a 
thin aponeurosis that covers the other muscles of the face. In 
this aponeurosis there are posteriorly imbedded some scattered 
muscular fascicles, radiating forwards and upwards, especially in 
the part covering the parotis and the masseter. 
The pars zygomatica arises independently from the zygoma 
with a thin but rather broad aponeurosis, outside the masseter. 
About the anterior margin of this muscle it passes into a narrow 
but rather powerful muscular body that goes a little obliquely 
forwards, and downwards, towards the upper lip and the angle 
of the mouth. As already mentioned, it joins the platysma a 
little behind the latter. The upper bundles proceed into the 
upper lip where they mingle with the bundles of the pars rimana. 
The sphincter profundus consists of two portions quite sepa- 
