55 
Appendix, 
Facial muscles of Elk. 
56 
rated from each other; the anterior one, the palpebral portion, is 
somewhat longer, narrower, but more powerful than in the 
Camel; for the rest, it behaves in the main as in the latter. 
The posterior part, the auricular portion, however, is of particular 
interest, being present in the shape of a real »sphincter«. From 
the lateral face of the base of one auricle there arises a muscular 
body, narrow but rather powerful, which passing down outside 
the parotis, and, turning on to the ventral face of the upper part 
of the neck finally joins its fellow on the opposite side of the 
head (PI. 15, fig. 6). Only the anterior bundles of this sphincter 
profundus go sphincterlike from one auricle to the other; but 
the posterior bundles, from each side, radiate upon the ventral 
face of the neck and are here interlaced in the median line. Thus 
the part of the sphincter profundus that lies on the ventral face 
of the neck forms a triangular flat muscular bodjq the point of 
which is directed backwards and reaches posteriorly to about be¬ 
low the middle of the epistropheus. 
2. Orbicularis-oculi-group. 
PI. 16, fig. 22. 
The m. orbicularis oculi consists of circular bundles arising 
from, and inserting themselves into, a strong and distinctly 
marked ligamentum palpebrale nasale. Besides, there are bundles, 
arising from the ligamentum palpebrale nas., going in an arc 
into the lower eyelid and turning up, behind the posterior 
angle of the eye, where they spread like a fan and reach 
rather far up (in a young male they extended up to the very base 
of the pedicle of the antler). The whole orbicularis is so broad 
that it projects beyond the bony orbital margin. At the posterior 
angle of the eye there is a small, narrow, flat m. horizontalis, 
arising a little behind the angle of the eye, partly outside partly 
between the orbicularis bundles, running straight backwards and 
inserting itself into the connective tissue a little in front of the 
ear; it covers the orbicularis bundles that turn up behind the 
posterior angle of the eye. 
The m. prceorbicularis is strongly developed, large, and as it 
were, dividing into two portions. One portion consists, as usual, 
of bundles arising from the lig. palpebrale, in front of and in 
continuation of the orbicularis, and radiating fan-wise dorsad and 
ventrad, the posterior ones quite intimately joining the orbicu- 
laris-bundles (PI. 16, fig. 22, prd and prv 2 ). As an immediate con¬ 
tinuation of the upwards radiating bundles there is a row of 
fascicles radiating from the front obliquely outward and project¬ 
ing into the upper eyelid, almost in its whole length: the m. 
supraorbicularis (the m. corrugator supercilii of the Veterinarians). 
Together they form a rather broad muscular plate, which in the 
a’ investigated reached backwards to the pedicle of the antler. — 
The other portion of the prseorbicularis (the m. malaris of the 
Veterinary anatomy; PL 16, fig. 22, pruj) forms a rather large flat 
muscular body, arising from the lachrymal bone, the line of ori¬ 
gin being approximately a continuation of the lig. palpebrale, 
turning however anteriorly somewhat downwards. From this line 
of origin the bundles radiate like a fan downwards and vanish 
outside the buccinator. The muscle forms a continuation of the 
downwards radiating bundles of the first-named portion of m. prse- 
orbicularis; only the dorsal ends of the posterior bundles of 
prvi are — on account of their direction obliquely downwards 
and backwards — covered by some of the bundles of the 
portion prv 2 . The lower part of the »m. malaris« is covered by 
the pars zygomatica platysmatis. 
The m. nasolabialis at its origin meets the m. prseorbicularis, 
partly invading the bundles of the latter but still appearing in 
the shape of a muscle distinctly limited from the rest of the orbi- 
cularis-complex. From the ligamentum palpebrale the line of origin 
extends upon the frontal, and it is just on this space that the m. 
nasolabialis stands out partly under, partly between the bundles 
of the m. prseorbicularis dorsalis. The line of origin farther pro¬ 
ceeds on the nasal surface, that is, on the nasal bones, the car¬ 
tilaginous nasal septum and between the nostrils. Thus the mu¬ 
scle spans a rather considerable space, forming a large, long, and 
flat but rather thin body, which spreads over the very much 
elongated facial portion of the skull. The posterior bundles 
pass very much obliquely downwards and forwards, but towards 
the anterior end of the muscle the bundles, more and more, take 
a transverse direction; besides, the right and the left muscular 
body in about the whole length of the dorsum nasi are amal¬ 
gamated, so that across the greater part of the face there is, as 
it were, a muscular mantle, the transverse bundles of which 
turn from one side of the face, over the nasal ridge, on to 
the other side (vide PI. 11, fig. 1, where however only the an¬ 
terior part of the muscular mantle is figured). At some distance 
behind the nostril, and rather far up, the muscle is piei'ced by 
the tendon of the superior part of the m. maxillo-labialis. The 
bundles from the larger, posterior, portion of the m. nasolabialis 
(that is, the portion behind the piercing of the superior part 
of the m. maxillo-labialis) insert themselves partly into the con¬ 
nective tissue outside the other facial muscles, partly into the 
upper lip, whereas the anterior bundles partly insert themselves 
along the upper margin of the nostril and partly turn behind 
the nostril to its lower circumference; a number of these anterior 
bundles insert themselves into the tendon of the portio sup. 
musculi maxillo-labialis (v. PI. 11, fig. 1). In the portion behind 
the nostril numerous bundles of the m. nasalis cross up between 
the nasolabialis bundles. 
3. M. maxillo-labialis 
(pi. li, fig. i) 
arises fleshy from the maxillary bone below and behind the foramen 
infraorbitale. A little below the middle there is in the proximal part 
of the muscle a short tendinous line indicating, as it were, a divi¬ 
sion of the muscular body into two portions; in reality one finds, 
in the Elk, that the maxillo-labialis is separated into two distinct 
muscles which, indeed, at their origin are still quite closely united. 
The powerful, rather thick, muscular body of the upper por¬ 
tion passes, somewhat rapidly, into a tendon that goes obliquely 
forwards, and upwards, dividing into a number of »tendinous 
fingers* that radiate like a fan towards the dorsum nasi and the 
muzzle; as to the insertion of a portion of the nasolabialis into 
the tendon see above. 
The lower portion goes forwards. The muscular body soon 
divides into three portions; each of these passes into a thin tendon 
which again divides into several tendinous branches. The two 
upper tendons insert themselves behind the nostril, whereas the 
lowest proceeds into the upper lip where it may be followed 
nearly as far as the median line. 
Numerous bundles of the m. nasalis thrust out between the 
portions of the m. maxillo-labialis. 
4. Buccinator-group. 
PI. 16, fig. 3 and 4. 
The m. buccinatorius in front of the m. masseter consists of 
two well separated layers, a superficial one with perpendicular 
(transverse) bundles and a deep one with longitudinal bundles. 
But at the origin, posteriorly, from the upper jaw, and from the 
anterior margin of the ramus ascendens of the lower jaw, the 
bundles of the two layers merge so smoothly together that one 
can here only speak of one layer. The lower bundles have, from 
their origin, a longitudinal direction, but as the line of origin 
proceeds upon the upper jaw the following bundles take a steeper 
and steeper direction; and it is only in front of the anterior border 
of the m. masseter that the stratification of the m. buccinatorius 
begins, the longitudinal bundles thrusting below the perpen¬ 
dicular ones. 
The superficial layer (PI. 16, fig. 3) proceeds direct into the 
pars rimana and behaves in the under lip in a way similar to 
that of the Camel (comp. PI. 11, fig. 1, where the pars rimana is 
figured in the upper lip). 
Along the lower margin of the superficial layer a streak of 
longitudinal bundles extends: the in. depressor labii inferioris of 
