57 
Appendix. 
Facial muscles of Elk. Wapiti. 
58 
the Veterinarians, radiating into the chin. It begins about the 
middle of the cheek and is here, by a small, tendinous, lamelli- 
form portion, closely connected with the perpendicular bundles 
of the superficial layer, which at first are rather sharply distin¬ 
guished from the depressor, but on approaching the angle of the 
mouth the lower ends of several of these bundles turn forwards 
joining the longitudinal bundles of the depressor so closely that 
they can by no means be separated from them in the region of 
the lower lip. 
The deep layer of the m. buccinatorius (PI. 16, fig. 4) forms 
a not very broad band of longitudinal bundles which proceeds on 
the mucous membrane of the cheek in the direction of the angle 
of the mouth; numerous small gl. buccales are imbedded be¬ 
tween the bundles. The lower bundles insert themselves at 
the angle of the mouth, where they partly thrust between the 
bundles of the pars rimana. The upper ones proceed into the 
upper lip forming here the pars supralabialis, at first behaving, 
in the main, as in the Camel: the fascicles run obliquely for¬ 
ward into the upper lip, turn round the angle, where the upper 
lip and the gingiva meet, and are inserted into the intermaxillary 
bone; but they form a much lower arc, the gingiva not extending 
so far upwards as in the Camel. Further forwards in the up¬ 
per lip, the fascicles successively take a transverse direction, and 
at the foremost end of the intermaxillary bone the pars supra¬ 
labialis presents a quite remarkable development. From the an¬ 
terior end of the intermaxillary bone a dense and thick mass of 
fibres arise which radiate partially to the ventral, partially to the 
mediad side of the nostril; they do not extend into the upper 
lip. In a young male specimen this anterior portion of the pars 
supralabialis was continued a little way forward, beyond the 
intermaxillary bone, that is to say: a portion of the pars supra¬ 
labialis is here found, which does not take its origin from the 
bone; in this portion the fascicles are seen going from the ven¬ 
tral side of the nostril to the middle line, where, in a raphe- 
like stripe, they cross those of the opposite side. 
The m. nasalis (PI. 11, fig. 1) forms a rather considerable 
muscular mass radiating upon the lateral surface of the face be¬ 
hind the arched portion of the soft nose. The bundles arise from 
the intermaxillary and maxillary bones, in rows. The undermost 
row arises just above the gingiva in about the region from the 
hindmost corner of the nostril to p 2 , while the following rows gra¬ 
dually arise from the bones higher and higher up. The bundles 
are of about equal length in each row, but increase somewhat 
in length in the upper rows, so that there is produced a tolera¬ 
bly regular, tiled arrangement (v. PI. 11, fig. 1). The undermost 
rows are separated from one another by the tendinous branches 
of the m. maxillo-labialis and the uppermost are traversed by 
numerous rectus-bundles. 
The m. menialis is quite a powerful muscle arising from the 
lower jaw. Its anterior end is almost below The arrangement 
of the bundles is, in the main, as in the m. nasalis; they arise 
in rows, one below the other, and radiate down into the chin and 
the under lip, where they thrust between the rimana-bundles. 
5. M. lateralis nasi 
consists of a couple of groups of rather scattered fascicles (v. PI. 
11, fig. 1). There is a posterior group arising from the upper end 
of the intermaxillary and the neighbouring part of the maxillary 
bone, radiating with its bundles forwards, and upwards, and in¬ 
serting itself outside the mucous membrane of the nose. An up¬ 
per group arises from the upper margin of the nasal cartilage, 
extending down upon the mucous membrane of the nose. 
Further, we have found some fascicles intimately attached 
to the cartilaginous nose. 
Below and behind the nostril there is an irregular, anchor- 
shaped cartilage. From the exterior, and interior face of this, 
there arises a flat border of fascicles radiating upwards, partly 
to the skin, partly to the mucous membrane. Judging from the 
direction of the bundles, it almost appears as though it was a 
portion of the m. rectus nasi. 
Finally, there is a rather powerful fascicle arising from the 
cartilaginous nose, going forwards, and inserting itself into the 
lower and lateral face of the anchor-shaped cartilage. 
6 . M. rectus nasi 
forms a system of closely packed, and rather thin fascicles from the 
mucous membrane of the nose to the skin. They occupy the 
space of the soft nose behind the nostril, where they, especially 
in the arched portion, form a thick mass of bundles which cross 
out between the nasolabialis-fascicles (PI. 11, fig. 1). 
3. WAPITI. 
i. Platysma-sphincter-group. 
The sphincter superficialis is wanting on the head. 
The platysma is present in a particularly w T ell developed 
form, viz. as a large continuous muscular plate, which on the 
ventral face of the head (the regio submandibularis) reaches so 
far towards the median line that the posterior part is only se¬ 
parated from the corresponding part of the other side by a quite 
narrow tendinous line, whereas they unite completely in front. 
The platysma covers a very great part of the lateral surface of 
the face, e. g. the whole masseter, and reaches here up below 
the ear, so that the bundles in front of this radiate upwards, 
above the zygoma. Farther on upon the face, bundles reach up 
to — some partly a little above — the lower margin of the pars 
zygomatica platysmatis. Some bundles thrust into the buccinator, 
but most extend to the very angle of the mouth, and into the 
under lip. 
The pars zygomatica is quite separated from the rest of the 
platysma, and arises with a long narrow tendon from the zygoma. 
The muscular body is rather broad, but short, and making for 
the angle of the mouth, where the lower bundles end thrusting 
between the rimana-bundles, whereas the upper ones proceed 
into the upper lip. 
The sphincter profundus consists of the same two separated 
portions as in the Elk. The auricular portion may be divided 
into an upper and a lower part. The lower part forms quite a 
considerable muscular plate on the anterior part of the ventral face 
of the neck 1 ). Real sphincter-shaped bundles we could not make 
out. In the median line the bundles from the two sides are in¬ 
terlaced and pass thence obliquely forward and upward, turning 
on to the lateral face of the neck; the anterior bundles reach so 
far on that they turn up in an arc round the angle of the lower 
jaw; reaching some distance across the lower part of the masseter. 
The upper part of the auricular portion is rather narrow; it extends 
from the base of the auricle down across the parotis spreading 
like a fan; some of the anterior and posterior bundles proceed 
direct in the bundles of the lower part described above, while 
other bundles terminate about level with the angle of the lower jaw; 
but are connected with the lower part by a thin aponeurosis. — 
The palpebral portion is powerfully developed; it forms' a large, 
broad, flat, muscular body which arises from the lower eyelid 
and from the skin in the lower circumference of the lachrymal 
groove. From here the muscular body stretches downward over 
the masseter, and the buccinator, passing into a thin aponeurosis 
that is connected with the lower part of the auricular portion. 
In the anterior part of the palpebral portion there is a narrow 
streak of bundles directed obliquely upwards and forwards. The 
direction quite corresponds with that of the anterior bundles of 
the lower part of the auricular portion. 
2. Orbicularis-oculi-group. 
PI. 16, tig. 24. 
The m. orbicularis oculi, which is rather narrow, consists of 
circular bundles. Dorsad to these there is in the upper eyelid 
also a rather broad tract of bundles — so broad that it projects 
somewhat over the bony orbita — which arise at the anterior 
angle of the eve, running in a bow backwards, turning behind 
the posterior angle of the eye and ending here fan-wise. These 
*) How far it posteriorly reaches on the neck we cannot decide, as the head 
with the anterior part of the neck was cut oil’ for the sake of preservation. 
8 
