59 
Appendix. 
Facial muscles of Wapiti. 
Zebu. 
60 
bundles are partly covered by a small band of longitudinal 
bundles that arise at the posterior angle of the eye (m. horizon- 
talis, comp, the Elk). 
The m. prceorbicularis is powerfully developed with bundles 
radiating both upwards and downwards. The ventral ones form 
a broad, flat, muscular body that arises from a line being the 
continuation of the anterior angle of the ej^e, for a large part in¬ 
side and before the »lachrymal groove«. The bundles radiate like 
a fan downward, the posterior ones closely joining the orbicular 
bundles of the lower eyelid. The whole part radiating down¬ 
ward is almost completely covered, partly by the m. nasolabialis, 
partly by the palpebral portion of the sphincter profundus. 
The dorsal fascicles, which have also a rather considerable 
development, radiate fan-wise from the anterior angle of the eye, 
upon the frontal surface and the dorsum of the nose. Posterior^ 
this part of the prseorbicularis proceeds direct in a broad and flat 
muscular body, the m. suprciorbiculciris, which, from the upper 
eyelid, where the bundles thrust between the orbicular ones, 
spreads over rather a considerable part of the front. 
The relation of the upward radiating bundles of the prseor¬ 
bicularis to the m. nasolabialis is to be particularly remarked. 
These two muscles completely join; the m. nasolabialis appears 
as an immediate continuation of these bundles. The m. naso¬ 
labialis forms a great, flat muscle, the bundles of which run 
obliquely down the face making for the upper lip. In the po¬ 
sterior part of the m. nasolabialis the fascicles, as described, form 
a continuation of the dorsal prseorbicularis fascicles; but farther 
in front, new fascicles join from the dorsum of the nose, where 
they run, in an arc, from one side of the face to the other. The 
m. nasolabialis thus reaches into the very muzzle, where the fas¬ 
cicles insert themselves along the upper and lower margin of the 
nostril. In the extreme foremost part the tendinous branches of 
the m. maxillo-labialis thrust through the m. nasolabialis. 
3. M. maxillo-labialis. 
PL 11, fig. 5. 
In the Wapiti the muscle arises fleshy from the maxillary 
bone, below, and behind, the foramen infraorbitale. The flat 
muscular body stretches forwards, gradually splitting into a series 
of extended narrow portions which, however, plainly show their 
mutual connection, bundles of fibres connecting one portion with 
another. Each portion passes into a thin tendon, which again 
splits into several branches. These tendinous branches radiate 
like a fan forwards; the upper turn up dorsad to the muzzle, 
those that follow insert themselves along the posterior circum¬ 
ference of the nostril, whereas the lower proceed into the upper 
lip. The tendinous branch that reaches highest dorsad, fuses 
with the corresponding one from the other side of the head to 
form a rather thick tendinous cord that runs down into the 
muzzle and the upper lip between the nostrils. On the upper 
tendon the muscular body proceeds a considerable distance along 
it (a, PI. 11, fig. 5), to leave it a little behind the posterior corner 
of the nostril in the shape of a small muscular fascicle ( b ). From 
some of the tendons situated below there arise similar small 
muscular bodies (c, PI. 11, fig. 5) that, like the upper bundle, pass 
forwards, crossing between the upward radiating bundles of the 
m. nasalis. Some of these bundles can only be followed between 
the nasalis-fascicles where they end, whereas others are inserted 
outside the cartilaginous nose. 
4. Buccinator-group. 
PI. 16, fig. 5 and 6. 
The m. buccinatorius. At the origin posteriorly from the 
upper and lower jaw the muscle forms only one layer; after¬ 
wards the fascicles push below each other so that they form a 
superficial transverse and a deep longitudinal layer. The super¬ 
ficial layer is, in the main, like that of the Zebu (v. below), but 
it is somewhat thinner than in the latter. The pars rimana (comp. 
PI. 11, fig. 5, where the pars rimana is figured in the upper lip) 
is very powerful but, as in the Zebu, it does not form a closed 
»sphineter«, the fascicles inserting themselves into the fibrous 
middle portion of the lips. The fascicles still reach considerably 
farther into the lips than in the Zebu. 
The 777. depressor labii inferioris is, in the main, as in the Zebu. 
As to the details of the buccinator we make the following- 
remarks. The superficial transverse and the deep longitudinal 
layer posteriorly pass so smoothly into each other that one can 
hardly fix the limit between them; but in front, about the an¬ 
terior half of the buccinator, they are distinctly separated by a 
rather thick layer of connective tissue. Part of the bundles of the 
deep layer insert under way into the mucous membrane; the 
middle ones reach on to the angle of the mouth, whereas the 
upper ones, and the lower ones, in rather a considerable num¬ 
ber, proceed into the lips, where they contribute to the formation 
of the pars rimana. Several bundles, particularly of the lower, 
turn, in front, into an arc upwards, crossing up between other 
of the longitudinal ones and inserting themselves into the mu¬ 
cous membrane (PI. 16, fig. 6). 
In the anterior half of the upper lip the longitudinal laj^er 
forms a pars supralabialis. Part of the rimana-fascicles originating 
from the longitudinal layer turn in an arc round the low angle 
between the gingiva and the mucous membrane of the upper lip 
inserting themselves into the intermaxillary bone immediately 
below this angle. These bundles, which have caudad a longitu¬ 
dinal, l'ostrad an oblique direction, are anteriorly followed by 
fibres, which are wholly oblique (and successively more trans- 
vei’se, that is to say dorso-ventrad), taking their origin from the 
intermaxillary bone and descending in an arc into the lip. As 
a dii’ect continuation of these there is, quite in front, a strong- 
muscular portion, which arises from the intermaxillary bone and 
radiates upward unto the inferior and anterior circumference of 
the nostril (PI. 16, fig. 6). On dissecting the pars supralabialis 
from the inner side of the lip by removing the mucous mem¬ 
brane: it may appear that the last described, most anterior part 
forms an independent muscle; the fascicles radiate upwards and 
so cross the direction of the labial fascicles. 
Inside this upwards radiating muscle there is a fascicle of 
transverse fibres from one cartilaginous wing of the nose to the 
other; it looks as if it were only a part of the pars supralabialis. 
The 777. nasalis (PI. 11, fig. 5) is a rather large and full mus¬ 
cular mass, arising in the usual way from the intermaxillary and 
maxillary bones, and besides continuing the origin for some di¬ 
stance upon the soft nasal wall. Its fascicles are arranged in 
rows. The posterior part forms a flat body that lies outside the 
maxillary bone, mostly covered by the m. maxillo-labialis, and 
above this muscle thrusting its bundles between the fascicles 
of the m. nasolabialis. The anterior part of the m. nasalis forms 
rather a considerable muscular mass, whose bundles radiate into 
the space behind the nostril; the rows of fascicles appear between 
the tendinous branches of the m. maxillo-labialis. 
The 777 . menlalis consists of a rather considerable mass of 
fascicles, from the lower jaw radiating fan-wise into the under 
lip and the chin. 
5. M. lateralis nasi 
(pi. 11 , fig. 5 ) 
is small, and thin, arising from the anterior margin of the proc. 
nasalis of the intermaxillary bone and extending outside the soft 
nasal wall inserting into the mucous membrane. 
Attached to the cartilaginous nose there are two small mus¬ 
cles that in the main agree with those mentioned in the Elk. 
6. JM. rectus labii 
is present — at all events in the under lip. 
4. ZEBU. 
1. Platysma-sphincter-group. 
The sphincter superficialis is wanting on the head. 
The plalysma is powerfully developed: the lower part forms 
