61 
Appendix. 
Facial muscles of Zebu. 
62 
a rather broad continuous muscular body which, from the upper 
part of the neck, and from the reg'io submandibularis, turns on 
to the face, where with longitudinal fascicles it makes for the 
angle of the mouth. Here most ol the fascicles end; whereas 
only a small part proceed into the lips. The upper part of the 
platysma sends its bundles, fan-wise, up over the masseter and 
the pars zygomatica. The bundles lie gathered in rather broad 
bands, that radiate over the said muscles and are held together 
by a thin aponeurosis. They reach so high up that they thrust 
between the fascicles of the orbicularis oeuli and the postorbi- 
cularis. Altogether the whole of the platysma body forms a 
muscular plate with radiating bundles, where quite a smooth 
transition is found from the posterior bundles, which radiate 
almost transversally, to the anterior longitudinal ones. 
The pars zygomatica behaves in the main as in the Wapiti 
but is more powerful. 
The m. sphincter profundus behaves in the main as in the 
Camel; still both portions are broader and more powerful than 
in the latter. 
2. Orbicularis-oculi-group. 
PI. 16, fig. 23. 
The m. orbicularis oculi is made up, in the region nearest the 
palpebral margin, of sphincterial fascicles that arise from, and 
insert themselves into, a long and powerful lig. palpebrale nasale. 
These are, in the upper ej'elid, joined by fascicles that arise from 
the ligamentum, turn in an arc backwards behind the posterior 
angle of the eye, and end below it, spreading fan-wise. As a 
continuation of these fascicles there is a quite powerful m. posl- 
orbicularis , the bundles of which gradually increase in length post¬ 
eriorly, so that they here extend to the actual frontal surface, 
where they thrust up partly below, partly between the bundles 
of the m. supraorbicularis. As in the Elk and in the Wapiti 
there is also in the Zebu, at the posterior angle of the eye, a 
band of longitudinal fascicles which, in the main, behaves as in 
those two animals, only it is more powerful in the Zebu: m. 
horizontalis (not figured in PI. 16, fig. 23). 
The m. prceorbicularis is most powerfully developed. As in 
the deer described, there are, at the anterior angle of the eye, 
fascicles that radiale dorsad and ventrad; the fascicles are nu¬ 
merous, and form two broad, fiat, rather full muscular bodies; 
this especially holds good of the ventral fascicles. 
The m. supraorbicularis is large and powerful, forming a 
bulky, flat muscular body, which from the anterior angle of the 
eye — where it is closely connected with, and forms a direct con¬ 
tinuation of, the prseorbicularis dorsalis — and from tjie upper eye¬ 
lid, in its whole length, radiates upon the frontal surface. Here 
it forms a broad, flat muscular body which covers the whole 
frontal surface (the »m. frontalis* of the Veterinary anatomy). 
The anterior fascicles radiate upon the front, but the following 
gradually bend more and more backwards, so that they become 
longitudinal in the posterior part of the muscular body. 
The m. nasolabialis is rather weak; it shows its connection 
with the orbicularis complex by the fact that some of the dorsal 
prseorbicularis fascicles turn down into it; these fascicles are 
joined by others, that come from the dorsum of the nose, run¬ 
ning obliquely downwards and forwards. The fascicles go partly 
to the postei'ior circumference of the nostril, partly down into 
the upper lip. The muscular body proceeds over the cartilaginous 
nose, but is indeed here very thin, and pale. In this anterior 
portion the bundles have a quite transversal direction. The ten¬ 
dinous branches of the maxillo-labialis project from among them, 
and are used for insertion by some of the nasolabialis-bundles. 
3. M. maxillo-labialis 
arises partly fleshy partly with short tendinous bundles from the 
maxillary bone, below and behind the foramen infraorbitale. From 
its origin the muscular body is, by a deep but narrow fissure, 
which is filled with connective tissue, divided into an upper and 
a lower portion; both of them are powerful, especially the lower 
one; which forms a full plump muscular body. The upper por¬ 
tion divides into three branches, each with a tendon, of which 
the upper, which is also the most powerful, turns up over 
the cartilaginous nose inserting itself into Ihe muzzle with several 
tendinous radiating slips, whereas the two lower ones, each 
of which also splits into several branches, insert themselves along 
the posterior circumference of the nostril. The lower portion pro¬ 
ceeds into the upper lip also dividing into several tendinous 
branches under way. From a couple of tendinous branches there 
come small muscular portions that project between the fascicles 
of the m. nasalis. 
4. Buccinator-group. 
PI. 16, fig. 7 and 8. 
The m. buccinalorius is very complicated in its structure; 
the bundles may be dissected out into three slayers*. At its 
origin, posteriorly, from the upper and lower jaw it behaves in 
the main as in the Elk. That is, it forms here only one layer; 
but the stratification of the muscle arises as the lower and the 
deep bundles partly continue the longitudinal direction, partly 
bend upwards and thrust in below the upper ones, which have 
gradually taken a perpendicular direction. This stratification 
begins much farther back in the Zebu than in the Elk. In the 
greater length of the m. buccinalorius three layers may be distin¬ 
guished: of which the superficial one and the intermediate are 
separated from each other by a rather thick layer of adipose tissue, 
in which very numerous gl. buccales are imbedded. The ductus 
parotideus does not pierce the m. buccinatorius: a little in front 
of the m. masseter there is above the buccinator a small portion of 
mucous membrane which is quite without muscular fibres; here 
the salivary duel pierces the mucous membrane. 
The superficial layer (PI. 16, fig. 7) consists of transverse 
bundles that at the angle of the mouth proceed into the pars 
rimana, which is rather powerful but does not form a »sphincter«, 
the bundles only reaching halfway into the lips, where they in¬ 
sert themselves inLo the median fibrous part of the latler. Along 
the lower margin of the superficial layer there is a broad and 
rather full m. depressor labii inferioris, the bundles of which pro¬ 
ceed longitudinally and thrust into the under lip and the chin. This 
depressor plainly shows its connection with the superficial layer 
of the buccinator, the posterior bundles turning from the latter 
direct into I lie m, depressor; these bundles are joined by others 
that emerge between the transverse bundles but in the deeper 
parts join them quite closely. Below this layer there is the in¬ 
termediate, longitudinal one (PI. 1(5, fig. 8). Its fascicles, however, 
are by no means so regularly arranged as is generally found in 
the longitudinal layer. Along the upper and lower margin of the 
layer there is a tract of longitudinal fascicles, part of which 
under way insert themselves into the mucous membrane, whereas 
others reach into the upper and under lips, and contribute 
to the formation of the pars rimana thrusting between its 
bundles. But between these two longitudinal tracts there is a 
broad stripe, where the fascicles rather soon take a slanting di¬ 
rection, downwards and forwards, in order to turn forwards 
again in the longitudinal direction towards the angle of the mouth 
where they end. 
Deepest of all — immediately on the mucous membrane of 
the cheek — there is a third layer (not figured in PI. 16) which 
posteriorly takes its origin from the deepest longitudinal fascicles. 
In front, the latter gradually bend upwards in a more and more 
slanting direction, and are continued forwards to about the angle 
of the mouth, by bundles that are directed obliquely upwards 
and forwards. They arise from, and insert themselves into, the 
mucous membrane, upwards partly thrusting between the fascicles 
of the upper longitudinal band of the intermediate layer. 
In the upper lip there is a pars supralabialis. This does not 
extend through the whole length of the upper lip, reaching in 
front about below the middle of the nostril, and posteriorly to 
a couple of centimetres in front of the angle of the mouth. The 
8 * 
