63 
Appendix. 
Facial muscles of Zebu. 
Boar. 
64 
fascicles form a continuation of the upper longitudinal fascicles 
of the intermediate layer, and proceed in the usual way into the 
upper lip, where they, however, on account of the gingiva not 
extending far up, only form a low arc. 
In front, from Ihe intermaxillary bone, there arises a rather 
considerable muscular mass (»grosser Erweiterer der Nasenlocher«, 
»m. dilatator naris apicalis« of the Veterinary anatomy) whose 
fascicles radiate upwards and insert themselves into the ventral 
and mediad circumference of the nostril. The whole forms a 
rather full muscular body, that in the median plane closely joins 
the corresponding one. The limit between them is indicated by 
a groove. This muscle is apparently an independent muscle, 
but a comparison with the Elk, and the Wapiti, shows that it 
no doubt corresponds to the anterior part of the rather singularly 
shaped pars supralabialis m. buccinatorii of the Elk (comp. PI. 
16, fig. 4). 
The m. nasalis is strongly developed, and forms quite a con¬ 
siderable muscular mass, which arises from the intermaxillary 
bone and, in front, also from outside the soft nasal wall. The 
fascicles radiate up into the whole region behind and laterad of 
the nostril, inserting partially into its lateral and posterior cir¬ 
cumference, partially into the skin of the upper lip. The fascicles 
arise in rows, by degrees higher and higher up, from the inter- 
maxillary bone, which may easily be shown by dissecting down 
between the rows, in this way separating them from each other. 
The whole, however, forms a continuous muscular mass through 
which the tendinous branches of the m. maxillo-labialis proceed. 
The posterior part of the m. nasalis forms a rather broad flat 
bundle which extends obliquely upon the intermaxillary bone 
thrusting in between the bundles of the m. nasolabialis. 
The m. mentalis forms rather a considerable muscular mass 
that arises from the lower jaw, with fascicles arranged in nu¬ 
merous rows, one below the other. They radiate into the under 
lip and the chin. 
The fascicles are very coarse both in the m. mentalis and 
in the m. nasalis. 
5. M. lateralis nasi 
forms a flat but rather extensive muscular body that arises from 
the anterior margin of the proc. nasalis of the intermaxillary bone, 
extending outside the soft nose and inserting itself into the outside 
of the mucous membrane. 
From the cartilaginous nose arises a muscle which radiates 
with its bundles upwards and outwards to the mediad, posterior 
and lateral circumference of the nostril. 
6. Mm. recti. 
M. rectus labii is at any rate present in the under lip, where 
the fascicles, moreover, are so coarse that they may be seen with 
the naked eye; they go, in the usual way, from mucous mem¬ 
brane to skin, crossing between the fascicles of the m. mentalis. 
5. BOAR. 
1. Platysma-sphiricter-group. 
PI. 9 and PI. 10, fig. 3. 
The sphincter superficialis arises as a continuous, rather nar¬ 
row, but full muscular body; partly from an aponeurosis outside 
the sternal muscles, but partly, and mostly, from the anterior end 
of the sternum, where in the median line it joins the correspond¬ 
ing muscle of the opposite side. The muscular body stretches 
upwards and outwards on the ventral face of the neck, turning 
with its longest fascicles (viz. the dorsal ones) a little on to 
the lateral surface of the neck. The muscular body spreads fan- 
wise, thereby growing gradually thinner, but still forming a 
closely united muscular plate. 
As the muscular body turns from the ventral to the lateral 
face of the neck it meets the lower margin of the platysma, and 
is thereby split into two portions. The posterior and, also, the 
broader portion proceeds outside the platysma (v. PI. 9) and the 
fascicles end in short tendons that thrust into the subcutaneous 
adipose tissue. This adipose tissue extended also somewhat down 
between the fascicles, so that the latter, for some space, were 
quite surrounded by it. — The anterior portion (v. PI. 10, fig. 3) 
is much narrower, and thrusts up under the pi a tysma, where 
most of its bundles end in the adipose tissue inside the latter, 
about level with the margin of the lower jaw. A few of the 
posterior and deeper fascicles, however, turn in an arc into the 
portio auricularis of the sphincter profundus. 
The platysma forms a powerful, broad and thick, continuous 
muscular plate that arises from a strong aponeurosis outside the 
muscles of the shoulder, extending across the face, and also, 
spreading into the regio submandibularis. Of the fascicles, which 
are very coarse, the upper turn in an arc up over the posterior 
part of the masseter, reaching up to the zygoma. Gradually the}’’ 
take the longitudinal direction and run with a slight downward 
convex curve upon the face where, in a long slanting line, they 
thrust themselves into the buccinator. The lower of these lon¬ 
gitudinal fascicles reach to a transverse plane through the angle 
of the mouth. The fascicles partly insert themselves on the mu¬ 
cous membrane of the cheek, and partly (the anterior ones) reach 
the angle of the mouth and the under lip wdiere they join the ri- 
mana-fascicles. Finally, we come to the lower part of the pla¬ 
tysma. Here part of the bundles insert themselves into the lower 
jaw (v. PI. 9) whereas most turn round the margin of the jaw 
into the regio submandibularis where, in a »raphe«-like stripe 
they join the platysma-fascicles from the other side, in front in¬ 
serting'themselves into an aponeurosis that extends to the angu- 
lus mentalis. 
The pars zygomatica (PI. 9) forms an independent muscle 
without any connection whatever with the rest of platysma. It 
arises with a long narrow tendon from the zygoma stretching 
obliquely downwards and forwards and thrusting in below the 
superficial layer of the buccinator at a considerable distance be¬ 
hind the angle of the mouth. The fascicles can be followed on 
to this. The muscular body itself is short and thin. Both the 
tendon and the muscular body are rather closely connected with 
some fascicles of the portio palpebralis of the sphincter profundus. 
The sphincter profundus is present in the shape of two por¬ 
tions quite separated from each other. 
The anterior one, the portio palpebralis (PI. 9), arises from a 
thin aponeurosis inside the platysma. The muscular body is 
lamelliform, thin, and rather pale; its posterior fascicles run up 
into the lower eyelid where they mingle with the orbicularis- 
fascicles. The anterior ones reach so far on that they thrust up 
between the ventral preeorbicular bundles. The very hindmost, 
rather short fascicles of the palpebral portion arise from the 
tendon of the pars zygomatica platysmatis; and a couple of the 
foremost fascicles turn in an arc forwards, joining its muscular 
body. 
The portio auricularis (PI. 10, fig. 3), at its origin from the 
base of concha auris, forms a round, rather full muscular body, 
which was quite surrounded by adipose tissue. As the muscular 
body runs downwards it splits into two portions: an anterior 
spreading down over the masseter and the anterior part of the 
parotis, — and a deep one, which is very interesting. It runs 
down as a narrow muscular chord inside the parotis, between 
the latter and the gl. submaxillaris; the anterior fascicles end 
about level with the margin of the lower jaw, turning in an arc 
forwards and partly thrusting in between the bundles of the an¬ 
terior portion of the sphincter superficialis. The posterior fas¬ 
cicles on the contrary proceed downwards passing direct into the 
sphincter superficialis. 
2. Orbicularis-oculi-group. 
PI. 16, fig. 25, and PI. 9. 
The m. orbicularis forms a rather broad muscular border both 
in the upper and lower eyelid, consisting of circular fascicles 
that arise from and insert themselves into the anterior angle of 
the eye. 
