65 
Appendix. 
Facial muscles of Lhe Boar. 
Tapir. 
66 
Posteriorly the m. orbicularis is joined by a rather broad 
tract of postorbicular fascicles. 
The m. prceorbicularis is powerful. The ventral fascicles form 
a direct continuation of the sphincter-fascicles in the lower eyelid; 
but in front, the line of origin gradually proceeds higher and 
higher, so that the anterior downward radiating fascicles, arise 
rather high above the anterior angle of the eye. — The dorsal 
fascicles begin at the anterior angle of the eye extending back¬ 
wards nearly the whole length of the upper eyelid. Thus the 
m. prseorbicularis dorsalis proceeds direct into the m. supraorbi- 
cularis which therefore does not form a separate »muscle«. The 
fascicles form together a broad but thin muscular plate that ex¬ 
tends high upon the front, especially is this the case with its 
anterior fascicles. 
The m. nasolabialis by a long interval is separated from the 
rest of the orbicular complex (PI. 9). It arises from about the 
anterior half of the dorsum of nose, where its origin almost 
reaches on to the anterior end of the nasal bone. The fascicles run 
downwards, the posterior ones also obliquely forwards, whereas 
the anterior gradually take more and more a transverse direction. 
Only the posterior fascicles reach quite down into the upper lip, 
where in the fold above the canine they thrust in between the 
rimana-fascicles. In front the fascicles gradually grow shorter, 
reaching only a short distance down the side of the upper lip, 
where they end in the skin being interwoven with the bundles 
of the m. nasalis. 
3. M. maxillo-labialis 
(pi. 9 ) 
forms a rather powerful muscular mass which arises from the 
lachrymal, zygomatic and maxillary bones, in the region above 
and behind the foramen infraorbitale. It divides into three por¬ 
tions: an upper, a middle and a lower, of which the latter ap¬ 
parently may be separated from the others from its origin. In 
depth, however, it is connected with the middle portion. This 
undermost portion forms a rather short but powerful round 
muscular body, which, with a long strong tendon, proceeds into 
the snout in the lower part of which it inserts itself, being split 
into several thin branches. The second, or middle, more fleshy 
portion, arises closely connected with the uppermost, gradually 
separating from it and radiating into the snout with a row of thin 
tendinous branches. The uppermost portion is the most power¬ 
ful, and thickest, at the origin, where it is separated from the 
undermost portion by a narrow fissure filled with adipose tissue. 
After having separated from the middle portion, a little farther 
on it passes into a strong flat tendon that proceeds forwards, 
turning at last, at the anterior end of the nasal bones, on to the 
dorsum of nose where it joins the corresponding one inserting 
itself into the upper part of the snout. In this muscle there is 
a point that somewhat recalls what obtains in the Wapiti (comp. 
PL 11, fig. 5 a, b): To wit, from the tendon, immediately where 
it passes out of the muscular body, there arises a rather power¬ 
ful fascicle that posteriorly passes immediately into the mus¬ 
cular body, taking otherwise its origin, for a couple of centimeters, 
from the lower margin and the inner surface of the tendon. The 
fascicle runs obliquely forwards, and downwards, lying mostly 
immediately over the bones, and inserting itself into the inter¬ 
maxillary bone just above the origin of the m. nasalis. It is 
hardly to be doubted that it is really a fascicle of the portio 
superior m. maxillo-labialis. One might perhaps imagine that it 
were a fascicle of the m. nasalis which had inserted itself into 
the tendon of the portio superior (comp. e. g. the relations be¬ 
tween the nasolabialis and the maxillo-labialis in some Mammals). 
But it seems to us that partly from the direction of the fascicles 
and partly and more particularly from the close connection with 
the muscular body of the portio superior of the m. maxillo- 
labialis the former conception appears by far the more probable. 
Also, with respect to the uppermost tendon of the middle por¬ 
tion, there is something similar, but here, indeed, it is only 
quite a thin narrow fascicle which from the muscular body ex¬ 
tends obliquely downward and forward inserting itself into the 
intermaxillary bone. 
4. Buccinator-group. 
PI. 16, iig. 15, and PI. 9. 
At its origin posteriorly from the upper and lower jaw the 
m. buccinatorius only forms one layer of longitudinal fascicles, 
but about midway the cheek, at a distance in front of the 
masseter, there is a crossing, part of the lower fascicles crossing 
obliquety up over the upper ones, and being continued farther 
forwards by transverse fascicles; so the buccinator appears with 
two layers in its anlerior part: a superficial layer of transverse 
fascicles, and a deep layer of longitudinal fascicles. 
The transverse layer forms rather a powerful stratum of fascicles 
that span in the usual way from the upper to the lower jaw. 
At the angle of the mouth it passes direct into the pars rimana 
which, both in the upper and lower lip, forms a very full mus¬ 
cular layer. In the upper lip the fascicles reach into the snout. 
The pars supmlabialis is greatly reduced; it is present only in 
the fold which the upper lip forms over the canine. On this 
space there arises a group of fascicles from the maxillary bone 
close above the gingiva extending in an arc downward, and for¬ 
ward, into the upper lip. 
The rather powerful longitudinal layer proceeds inside the 
transverse layer ending at the angle of the mouth; some of the 
lower fascicles, however, reach into the under lip where they 
mingle with the fascicles of the pars rimana. 
Finally there is a well marked m. depressor labii inferioris. 
It begins quite posteriorly, where it is to some extent intimately 
connected with the longitudinal fascicles of the buccinator, there¬ 
after separating as a well defined, extended, muscular body, that 
soon passes into a bundle of thin tendinous branches that insert 
themselves into the under lip. The m. depressor is further limited 
from the rest of the buccinator by the fascicles of the platysma 
thrusting between these two (v. PI. 9, where only the tendinous 
branches of the m. depressor are visible in front of the platysma; 
whereas the rest of the muscle is covered by the latter). 
The in. nasalis (PI. 9) forms a considerable muscular mass, 
the bundles of which arise in rows partly from the intermaxillary 
bone, partly outside the cartilaginous nose. The fascicles radiate 
outwards to the skin, the low'er ones down into the upper lip, 
partly crossing out between the tendinous branches of the m. 
maxillo-labialis. 
The /??. mentalis (PI. 9) also forms a very considerable mus¬ 
cular mass that arises from the lower jaw, the mostly coarse 
fascicles radiating down into the under lip and the »chin«. 
The m. lateralis nasi is wanting. 
6. TAPIR. 
(Tapirus arnericanas.J 
1. Platysma-sphincter-group. 
pi. 7 . 
The sphincter superficialis is wanting on the head. 
The platysma is extremely well developed, forming a con¬ 
tinuous, and by no means thin muscular plate over the lower 
part of the face. The muscular body begins on the anterior 
part of the ventral face of the neck; the inferior fascicles extend 
farthest back, whereas the origin of the superior ones reach 
farther and farther forwards the higher they lie, so that the 
whole muscular body, posteriorly, ends in a line running 
obliquely upwards; above this line Lhe muscular body is con¬ 
tinued by a fascia upward on the neck (in PI. 7 this fascia has 
been dissected off). In the specimen investigated there was much 
adipose tissue imbedded in this fascia, as also in that part of 
the muscle situated nearest the origin; narrow stripes of loose 
adipose connective tissue extend between the fascicles, forcing 
them as it were somewhat from each other. 
9 
