67 
Appendix. 
Facial muscles of Tapir. 
68 
The muscular body now turns upwards, round the margin 
of the lower jaw, and radiates upon the face, covering a great 
part of the masseter and making for the angle of the mouth 
and the under lip. On a single spot above the lower part of 
the masseter there is an interruption in the muscular body about 
3—4 cm high and about 1 cm broad, filled by a plate of adipose 
connective tissue. 
On the face the fascicles run obliquely forwards, in the 
posterior part also upwards, that is, the whole muscular body 
forms a plate extended fan-wise. At the insertion the platysma- 
fascicles, as it were, separate into three portions, a separation 
that is produced in the following way: The upper margin of the 
muscular body ends in a line which goes from the zygoma obliquely 
forwards and downwards, towards the under lip, at first following 
the lower margin of the pars zygomalica; but a middlemost por¬ 
tion of the muscular body, about 3—4 cm broad, proceeds 
farther forwards, a rather great distance in front of this slanting 
line of insertion. In this way the insertion of the platysma is 
divided into three portions. The intermediate portion ( b , PI. 7) 
runs obliquely forwards towards the angle of the mouth and a 
little behind the latter the fascicles thrust between the fascicles 
of the m. buccinatorius. This portion, in front, joins the pars 
zygomatica so intimately that they apparently form a continuous 
muscular body. A close investigation of the course of the fas¬ 
cicles in this intermediate portion shows that it is onty the lower 
fascicles that so intimately join the lower margin of the pars 
zygomatica as to form a direct continuation of it, whereas the 
rest partly dip below, partly cross between, the fascicles of the 
pars zygomatica, and radiate towards the upper lip, together 
with them, but covered thereby. 
The fascicles of the uppermost portion (a, PI. 7) of the pla¬ 
tysma end along the lower margin of the pars zygomatica, here 
passing into a thin fascia that proceeds up over this muscle. 
The undermost portion (c, PI. 7) joins the m. buccinatorius. It 
makes for the lower margin thereof at a rather considerable 
distance behind the angle of the mouth (corresponding to a plane 
through the anterior angle of the eye). Here is a tendinous 
portion of the buccinator, and into this the superficial fascicles 
of the undermost portion of the platysma insert themselves. 
The pars zygomatica forms a distinct, rather powerful muscle, 
which arises with a short aponeurosis from the anterior part of 
the zygoma running forwards in a downward convex arc. The 
fascicles partly end at the angle of the mouth where they thrust 
between the fascicles of the pars rimana together with the 
fascicles from the intermediate portion of the platysma, and they 
partly radiate upwards, towards the upper lip, being interwoven 
between the fascicles of the m. nasolabialis. 
The m. sphincter profundus. Of this muscle the portio au- 
ricularis is present in the shape of a real sphincter that from 
one side of the head turns in an arc below the anterior part of 
the neck on to the other side. It inserts itself on the outside 
of the base of the auricle, so that the muscular body partly 
forms a sling from one auricle to the other. This sphincter¬ 
shaped arrangement of the fascicles however only applies to 
about the posterior half of the muscle. On the ventral face of 
the neck the sphincter is rather broad with plenty of adipose 
intramuscular connective tissue between the fascicles; but as 
soon as it turns on to the parotis it decreases considerably in 
breadth, the fascicles closing near together. In front the muscular 
body proceeds in a rather powerful fascia that extends on the 
face inside the platysma (most of the fascia has been dissected 
off in PI. 7), and from this fascia all the anterior fascicles of the 
auricular portion arise. They arise in a straight line drawn per¬ 
pendicularly down through the middle of the maxillary joint, the 
upper fascicles taking their origin close below this articula¬ 
tion. All the fascicles coming from the fascia intimately join 
the posterior ones. If the fascicles be traced from the insertion 
of the muscle on the auricle it will be found that the anterior 
ones run at first perpendicularly downwards, and then turn in 
an arc forwards, close below the maxillary joint. The succeeding 
fascicles radiate more and more obliquely downwards, and the 
posterior ones run straight downward, only on the neck spread¬ 
ing fan-wise. The auricular portion, altogether, forms a broad 
strong muscular plate with rather coarse fibres. 
Below the eye there is a flat portion of muscular fibres 
about I 1 /., cm broad (vide PL 8) that arises from the tendinous 
portion of the buccinator, into which part of the fascicles of the 
platysma insert themselves (comp. PI. 7). The fascicles run up¬ 
wards, at first quite closely joining the transverse fascicles of the 
buccinator, but gradually they separate from them and now 
ascend as a continuous muscular body towards the lower eye¬ 
lid, where they thrust between the orbicular and praeorbicular 
fascicles. The relations between this muscular body and the or¬ 
bicularis correspond exactly to those found in the portio pal- 
pebralis m. sphincteris profundi of the other Ungulates, for which 
reason we are of opinion that this muscular body in the Tapir 
must be regarded as the portio palpebralis, which then, second¬ 
arily, at its origin has more closely joined the m. buccinatorius. 
The muscular body is mostly covered by the pars zygomatica 
and the platysma proper (comp. PI. 7 and 8; in PI. 7 the fascicles 
of the portio palpebralis are seen projecting above the upper 
margin of the pars zygomatica). 
2. Orbicularis-oculi-group. 
PI. 7 anil'PI. 16, fig. 27. 
The m. orbicularis oculi with the m. prae- and postorbicularis 
forms a broad ring round the eye; but in front, between the 
dorsal and ventral praeorbicular fascicles, there is a notch quite 
filled by the m. nasolabialis. The whole muscular group appears 
as a continuous whole. 
The orbicular fascicles arise from a broad, thick, and pow¬ 
erful lig. palpebrale nasale running in an arc through the lower 
eyelid, and turning up behind the posterior angle of the eye 
into the upper eyelid unto the same ligamentum. The whole 
forms a rather powerful, broad, ring, so broad that it reaches 
beyond the bony entrance of the orbita. 
The m. prceorbicularis arises from the lig. palpebrale and 
radiates dorsad and ventrad. Dorsally there is formed a thick 
fan-shaped portion that covers the anterior part of the orbicular 
fascicles of the upper eyelid, and a rather considerable part of 
the origin of the m. nasolabialis. — The ventral fascicles are 
numerous, and radiate downward, and so form a great, flat, fan¬ 
shaped muscular bodj r , posteriorly joining the orbicular ones in 
the lower eyelid, so closely that no limit can be shown. In front, 
also without any traceable limit, they join the m. nasolabialis. 
The m. postorbicularis forms a rather broad tract of fascicles 
that run down along the posterior circumference of the orbicul¬ 
aris, lying close to it. The fascicles extend, both above and 
below, far beyond the orbicularis. Posteriorly the curve grad¬ 
ually straightens somewhat, so that the posterior margin of the 
muscle forms an almost straight line, which only towards the 
ends, bends a little forwards. This posterior margin extends for 
some considerable distance on the m. temporalis being separated 
therefrom by a thick layer of adipose tissue. 
Dorsally there is another, flat, broad, but rather thin muscular 
body that arises high up, partly from the nasal bone, partly 
outside the cartilaginous nose, stretching down inside the dorsal 
prseorbicular fascicles, and ending in the upper eyelid. Judging 
from its situation — particularly its relations to the upper eyelid 
— this muscle must certainly be regarded as the m. supraor- 
bicularis, although, indeed, it does not, as in the other Ungulates, 
appear as a direct continuation of the prseorbicularis dorsalis 
but rather as a deeper layer of it. 
The m. nasolabialis arises with a broad aponeurosis which 
begins upon the dorsum of the nose where it is interwoven with 
the periost of the nasal bones. From this point the aponeurosis 
stretches across the cartilaginous nasal capsule and then further 
takes origin from the maxillary bone, in the region in front of the 
orbita down to the lig. palpebrale, with which it amalgamates. 
The part of the aponeurosis arising from the dorsum of the nose 
is broad, so that the muscular fascicles arise from the aponeurosis 
