69 
Appendix. 
Facial muscles of Tapir. 
70 
at a distance outside the lateral margin of the nasal bone, in a 
posteriorly convex line. Down the maxillary bone the aponeuro¬ 
sis gradually grows more and more narrow, and the undermost 
fascicles arise direct from the lig. palpebrale. The muscular 
body is flat, broad, and rather powerful and extending on lo the 
lateral face of the trunk. The fascicles run obliquely downwards 
and forwards; the dorsal fascicles are the longest and reach out 
to the dorsal circumference of the nostril. The following fascicles 
gradually decrease in length; they insert themselves into the 
lateral and ventral circumference of the nostril, whereas the fas¬ 
cicles of the posterior part of the muscle go obliquely down into 
the upper lip, along its whole length thrusting inside the pars 
rimana. The hindmost fascicles have a direction from the an¬ 
terior angle of the eye (the lig. palpebrale) almost towards the 
angle of the mouth, joining the anterior ventral fascicles of the 
m. prseorbicularis so intimately that no limit can be set between 
these two muscles. Above, on the dorsum of the nose, the 
aponeurosis is covered by the m. supraorbicularis, whereas the 
part in front of the eye is covered by the dorsal prseorbicular 
fascicles. 
The m. nasolabialis covers a great part of the m. maxillo- 
labialis. As to the lower portion of the m. maxillo-labialis it 
appears on the lateral face of the trunk, dorsad to the m. naso¬ 
labialis (PI. 7). At first the two muscular bodies are to be dis¬ 
tinguished plainly from each other, the dorsal fascicles of the 
lower portion of the m. maxillo-labialis running obliquely for¬ 
wards and upwards; but afterwards, the fascicles of the latter 
increase in length, bending more and more downwards, and at 
last joining the dorsal margin of the m. nasolabialis so intimately, 
that in front, on the trunk, no limit whatever can be seen be¬ 
tween the two muscles (comp. PI. 14, lig. 3). 
3. M. maxillo-labialis. 
PI. 8, fig. 2, and PI. 7. 
The two portions of the m. maxillo-labialis are separated as 
two distinct muscles. The porlio superior is a powerful muscle 
which arises with quite short tendons (partly fleshy) in front of 
and above the orbita, in a line from the frontal bone on to the 
maxillary and the lacr 3 'mal bones, almost down to the lig. pal¬ 
pebrale. On the frontal bone the origin is from the crest which 
this bone sends up laterad to the cartilaginous nasal capsule. 
Being broad and flat at the origin it soon contracts into a nar¬ 
row but rather full muscular body that turns in an arc on to the 
dorsal face of the trunk, reaching, a little in front of the car¬ 
tilaginous nose, to the median line, and blending with the cor¬ 
responding muscle of the other side (PI. 14, fig. 3); it may be 
followed on the dorsal face of the trunk lo the very end (a dis¬ 
tinct groove is formed on this face for the muscle to lie in). 
Gradually it grows narrower, producing flat, thin, aponeuroses that 
insert themselves into the dorsal face of the trunk, and ends in a 
narrow tendon that can be followed to the very end of the trunk 
(inserting itself into the skin dorsally in the median line). — 
The posterior end of the muscular body is completely covered 
by the m. nasolabialis. 
The portio inferior arises with a flat, not very broad, rather 
powerful aponeurosis, from the maxillary bone below the foramen 
infraorbitale, so that it is separated from the origin of the portio 
superior by a rather considerable interval. From the aponeurosis 
the fascicles radiate on to the lateral surface of the trunk, to a 
great extent covered by the nasolabialis. The origin itself is 
covered partly by this muscle partly by the ventral fascicles of 
the m. prseorbicularis. The muscular body of the portio inferior 
is flat and flabellate. Its uppermost fascicles run obliquely upwards 
and forwards crossing the fascicles of the nasolabialis; the next 
fascicles increase in length, going more and more in upward arcs, 
so that, as to direction they closely join the fascicles of the naso¬ 
labialis (v. above). The fascicles of the portio inferior radiate 
partly up towards the dorsal face of the trunk, partly forwards 
on its lateral surface, where they can be followed towards the 
dorsal and lateral circumference of the nostril. 
4. Buccinator-group. 
PI, 16, fig. 9, 10, 11; PI. 8, fig. 2; PI. 7. 
The m. buccinalorius at its origin from the upper and lower 
jaw, forms a single layer of longitudinal fascicles (PI. 8, fig. 2); 
but a little farther on the upper fascicles alter their direction 
running transversally downward, so that the m. buccinalorius 
throughout the greater part of its length consists of a superficial 
transverse, and a deep longitudinal layer. The transverse fas¬ 
cicles, however, do not form a continuous layer throughout; 
about midway there is a discontinuity whereby the longitudinal 
layer become exposed. This discontinuity is, by the way, mostly 
filled by the porlio palpebralis m. sphincteris profundi (v. above). 
Towards the angle of the mouth the fascicles of the transverse 
layer are more closety set and proceed directly into the broad and 
powerful pars rimana, which does not unite in front with that 
of the other side. On the trunk the anterior part of the pars 
rimana, which ends at the ventral side of the nostril, cannot be 
distinguished from m. nasolabialis (comp. PI. 14, fig. 3). 
The longitudinal layer of the buccinator is very strongly 
developed and forms a continuous layer, the uppermost fascicles 
of which can be traced for some distance into the upper lip; 
the next reach to the angle of the mouth (PI. 8, fig. 2), and the 
undermost insert themselves into the mucous membrane ol' the 
cheek. 
Some of the. uppermost and deepest fascicles of the longitud¬ 
inal layer run in a curious, odd way, since they bend downwards 
in front (PI. 16, fig. 11), so that for a space of 4—5 cm behind 
the angle of the mouth there is a portion where the buccinator 
seemingly appears with three layers. 
The pars supralabialis (PI. 8, fig. 2) takes its origin from the 
maxillary bone and extends into the upper lip inside the pars 
rimana; it has no connection with the longitudinal fascicles of 
the buccinator and presents only a limited area in the shape of 
a small muscular plate behind the middle of the length of the 
upper lip; the inferior ends of its fascicles are directed some¬ 
what forward. 
No depressor labii inf. is formed as a distinct muscle; 
nevertheless w r e must here add the following: In front, at the 
lower margin of the transverse layer, there is a tendinous por¬ 
tion (PI. 8, fig. 2) into which some platysma-fascicles and the 
portio palpebralis m. sphincteris profundi insert themselves. From 
this tendinous portion there arises a tract of longitudinal fas¬ 
cicles that thrust into the under lip; but upwards they join the 
pars rimana so closely (PI. 7) that no limit whatever can be 
shown between them. 
The m. nasalis forms a rather considerable muscular mass 
that arises along the upper margin of the maxillary bone radiat¬ 
ing upwards; in PI. 8, fig. 2 the upper fascicles are seen above the 
portio inferior of m. maxillo-labialis. The whole forms a flat 
muscular body with rather thin fascicles imbedded in a some¬ 
what solid intramuscular connective tissue. The fascicles have 
not quite a dorsad direction, but are running obliquely dorso- 
caudad, and are regularly disposed in series or blades. From 
their origin on the bone they pursue an arcuate course below the 
nasal tube, and are then turned upwards onto the lateral face 
of the soft nose, where they end. 
The m. menialis is a rather considerable muscular mass that 
arises from the anterior part of the lower jaw and radiates with 
its fascicles out lo the skin crossing out between the rimana- 
lascicles. The fascicles lie imbedded in a rather plentiful mass 
of adipose connective tissue; in PL 8, fig. 2 the fascicles cut 
through are seen in the adipose tissue above the part of the 
rimana that is still preserved. 
5. M. rectus nasi et labiorum. 
PI. 14, fig. 3; PL 8, fig. 2; PI. 7. 
The m. rectus nasi forms a very considerable system of thin 
fine fibres which radiate out from the whole circumference of 
the nasal tube. They arise from the mucous membrane of the 
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