73 
Appendix. 
Facial muscles of Horse. 
74 
in the usual manner — radiate out between the fascicles of the 
said muscles unto the skin, we have not been able to decide. 
In the anterior series the fascicles are directed towards the ven¬ 
tral circumference of the nostril. In Veterinary anatomy this 
muscle is described as part of the am. incisivus sup.«; but its 
origin, its place and the arrangement of its fascicles speak de¬ 
cidedly for the interpretation of it as in. nasalis, though the 
direction of the fascicles is somewhat different from what we 
have found elsewhere; nor have we been able to follow the 
fascicles unto the skin. 
5. M. lateralis nasi, 
(PI. 8, fig. I) 
is a pale, muscular frame along the margin of the apertura pyri- 
formis. Its ventral part forms a rather full muscular mass (parti¬ 
cularly full anteriorly); it is associated with much loose, partly 
adipose, connective tissue between the fascicles; it arises from 
the intermaxillary and maxillary bones, the fascicles turning round 
the margin of the apertura pyriformis and inserting themselves 
into the soft nasal wall (this part of the muscle is the m. carli- 
laginis concfue inferioris et superioris of Gunther 1 )). The line 
of origin posteriorly turns behind the apertura and the fascicles 
from hence run obliquely forwards and downwards (the m. 
dilatator nasi superior of Gunther); this posterior part of the 
muscle is not always equally well and distinctly developed (in 
the specimen figured it is very distinct); it was even completely 
') Gunther, Die topographische Myologie ties Pl'eriles, 1860. 
wanting in one Horse’s head which we examined. Farther in 
front the fascicles arise from the nasal bone, a little within its 
free margin, and from the margin of the cartilaginous nose; in 
this range the fascicles run down onto the soft nasal wall. The 
muscle passes, without sharp limits, into the deep fascicles of the 
m. transversus nasi. (This anterior part of the muscle corresponds 
to Gunther’s m. dilatator nasi anterior.) 
The m. transversus nasi forms a rather considerable muscular 
mass in the region between the nostrils. The superficial fascicles 
(Gunther’s m. transversus nasi superficialis, Ellenberger und 
Baum’s m. transversus nasi, pars superficialis) run transversely 
between the mediad margins of the nostrils. The Veterinary 
authors, to which reference here been made, however, have not 
noticed that these superficial fascicles only insert themselves into 
the skin. The deeper parts of the muscle form a dense mass of 
transverse fascicles (Gunther’s m. transversus nasi profundus, 
Ellenberger und Baum’s m. transversus nasi, pars profunda), 
which extends from one cartilaginous xnasal wing* to the other, 
as well between the »laminse« as between the scornua*. These 
deep fascicles pass upwards, immediately, into the m. lateralis nasi. 
Downwards the deep and the superficial fascicle pass without 
limits into the pars rimana. Finally there are, aL the very deep¬ 
est, some fascicles that gradually take a slanting direction so that 
they form a couple of crossing portions, and as an immediate 
continuation of these there is a thin muscular plate that arises 
from the convex margin of the cornu extending in below the 
soft nasal wall where they insert themselves (Gunther’s m. dila¬ 
tator nasi inferior). 
10 
